{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:01:36Z","timestamp":1778007696792,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DL 57\/2016\/CP1346\/CT0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL 57\/2016\/CP1346\/CT0017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00727\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00727\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006752","name":"Universidade do Porto","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>International research collaboration (IRC) has been relevant for the development of national scientific systems. In Africa, given the limited resources devoted to research and development (R&amp;D) activities and the crucial role that scientific knowledge generated through research activities can have in socioeconomic development, IRC may be an opportunity to strengthen scientific capabilities. While geographical, economic, political\/governance, cultural, intellectual and excellence distance hampers IRC in other regions, we argue that economic and excellence distances actuate differently in Africa. We explored the impact of the variables above in addition to the information and communication technologies (ICTs), and social distances on the IRC of these countries. Using panel data for 54 African economies, our results show that economic distance fosters IRC while governance and excellence distances are non-significant. Past collaborations (one out of two proxies for social distance) and speaking the same language have the highest effect on IRC, and ICTs distance the lowest. The results have implications for science policy in Africa. For instance, we argue that science policies need to be adapted to each environment as the scientific landscape in each country is unique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-023-04659-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T06:02:27Z","timestamp":1678168947000},"page":"2145-2174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["International research collaboration: is Africa different? A cross-country panel data analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2539-0557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Cerdeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2240-110X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth S.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-010-0305-6","volume":"87","author":"M Acosta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Acosta, M., Coronado, D., Ferrandiz, E., & Leon, M. D. (2011). Factors affecting inter-regional academic scientific collaboration within Europe: The role of economic distance. Scientometrics, 87(1), 63\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-010-0305-6","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-013-1060-2","volume":"98","author":"J Adams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adams, J., Gurney, K., Hook, D., & Leydesdorff, L. (2014). International collaboration clusters in Africa. Scientometrics, 98(1), 547\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-013-1060-2","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2011.12.005","volume":"41","author":"G Allard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Allard, G., Martinez, C. A., & Williams, C. (2012). Political instability, pro-business market reforms and their impacts on national systems of innovation. Research Policy, 41(3), 638\u2013651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.respol.2011.12.005","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2307\/3069464","volume":"44","author":"TM Amabile","year":"2001","unstructured":"Amabile, T. M., Patterson, C., Mueller, J., Wojcik, T., Odomirok, P. W., Marsh, M., & Kramer, S. J. (2001). Academic-practitioner collaboration in management research: A case of cross-profession collaboration. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 418\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3069464","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intman.2008.02.002","volume":"15","author":"TC Ambos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ambos, T. C., & Ambos, B. (2009). The impact of distance on knowledge transfer effectiveness in multinational corporations. Journal of International Management, 15(1), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intman.2008.02.002","journal-title":"Journal of International Management"},{"key":"4659_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961000620907958","author":"TV Asubiaro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asubiaro, T. V., & Badmus, O. M. (2020). Collaboration clusters, interdisciplinarity, scope and subject classification of library and information science research from Africa: An analysis of Web of Science publications from 1996 to 2015. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0961000620907958","journal-title":"Journal of Librarianship and Information Science"},{"key":"4659_CR7","unstructured":"AUC. (2014). Science, technology and innovation strategy for Africa 2024. Retrieved from https:\/\/au.int\/sites\/default\/files\/newsevents\/workingdocuments\/33178-wd-stisa-english_-_final.pdf"},{"key":"4659_CR8","unstructured":"AU-EU. (2017). Roadmap for a jointly funded AU-EU Research & Innovation Partnership on Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Retrieved from https:\/\/wayback.archive-it.org\/12090\/20201013013946\/http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/iscp\/pdf\/policy\/ccse_roadmap_2017.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002797041002001","volume":"41","author":"R Axelrod","year":"1997","unstructured":"Axelrod, R. (1997). The dissemination of culture\u2014A model with local convergence and global polarization. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(2), 203\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022002797041002001","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/02681102.2013.797378","volume":"20","author":"A Ayanso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ayanso, A., Cho, D. I., & Lertwachara, K. (2014). Information and communications technology development and the digital divide: A global and regional assessment. Information Technology for Development, 20(1), 60\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02681102.2013.797378","journal-title":"Information Technology for Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9957.1965.tb00050.x","volume":"33","author":"B Balassa","year":"1965","unstructured":"Balassa, B. (1965). Trade liberalisation and revealed comparative advantage. Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 33(2), 99\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9957.1965.tb00050.x","journal-title":"Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"4659_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2010.529121","volume":"46","author":"PA Balland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balland, P. A. (2012). Proximity and the evolution of collaboration networks: Evidence from research and development projects within the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) industry. Regional Studies, 46(6), 741\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00343404.2010.529121","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"key":"4659_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaudry, C., Mounton, J., & Prozesky, H. (2018). Lack of funding. In C. Beaudry, J. Mounton, & H. Prozesky (Eds.), The next generation of scientists in Africa. African Minds.","DOI":"10.47622\/978-1-928331-93-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049096518000458","volume":"51","author":"J Bleck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bleck, J., Dendere, C., & Sangare, B. (2018). Making North-south research collaborations work. Ps-Political Science & Politics, 51(3), 554\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1049096518000458","journal-title":"Ps-Political Science & Politics"},{"key":"4659_CR15","unstructured":"Boekholt, P., Edler, J., Cunningham, P., & Flanagan, K. (2009). Drivers of international collaboration in research. Retrieved from https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/712e874d-4f61-4977-9512-3bb326c2ce63\/language-en"},{"issue":"5","key":"4659_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/0020715210376854","volume":"51","author":"B Bonikowski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bonikowski, B. (2010). Cross-national interaction and cultural similarity: A relational analysis. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 51(5), 315\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020715210376854","journal-title":"International Journal of Comparative Sociology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00343.x","volume":"12","author":"N Bos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bos, N., Zimmerman, A., Olson, J., Yew, J., Yerkie, J., Dahl, E., & Olson, G. (2007). From shared databases to communities of practice: A taxonomy of collaboratories. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(2), 652\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00343.x","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/0034340052000320887","volume":"39","author":"RA Boschma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boschma, R. A. (2005). Proximity and innovation: A critical assessment. Regional Studies, 39(1), 61\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0034340052000320887","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"4659_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2004.01.008","volume":"33","author":"B Bozeman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bozeman, B., & Corley, E. (2004). Scientists\u2019 collaboration strategies: Implications for scientific and technical human capital. Research Policy, 33(4), 599\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.respol.2004.01.008","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"4659_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(94)01001-3","volume":"23","author":"H Brooks","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brooks, H. (1994). The relationship between science and technology. Research Policy, 23(5), 477\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0048-7333(94)01001-3","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"4659_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811241"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/0160017615626985","volume":"41","author":"R Capello","year":"2018","unstructured":"Capello, R., & Caragliu, A. (2018). Proximities and the intensity of scientific relations: synergies and nonlinearities. International Regional Science Review, 41(1), 7\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0160017615626985","journal-title":"International Regional Science Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"4659_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2018.10.027","volume":"48","author":"T Ciarli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ciarli, T., & Rafols, I. (2019). The relation between research priorities and societal demands: The case of rice. Research Policy, 48(4), 949\u2013967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.respol.2018.10.027","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"4659_CR24","unstructured":"Clarivate. (2020). Web of Science Journal Evaluation Process and Selection Criteria. Retrieved from https:\/\/clarivate.com\/webofsciencegroup\/journal-evaluation-process-and-selection-criteria\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.2307\/2393553","volume":"35","author":"WM Cohen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive-capacity - a new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2393553","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022374703178","volume":"56","author":"F Dahdouh-Guebas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Ahimbisibwe, J., Van Moll, R., & Koedam, N. (2003). Neo-colonial science by the most industrialised upon the least developed countries in peer-reviewed publishing. Scientometrics, 56(3), 329\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1022374703178","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"4659_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8400098","volume":"35","author":"C Dhanaraj","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dhanaraj, C., Lyles, M. A., Steensma, H. K., & Tihanyi, L. (2004). Managing tacit and explicit knowledge transfer in IJVs: The role of relational embeddedness and the impact on performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(5), 428\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8400098","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"9","key":"4659_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1100.1195","volume":"56","author":"WW Ding","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ding, W. W., Levin, S. G., Stephan, P. E., & Winkler, A. E. (2010). The impact of information technology on academic scientists\u2019 productivity and collaboration patterns. Management Science, 56(9), 1439\u20131461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.1100.1195","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"4659_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-018-0314-6","volume":"77","author":"W Eduan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eduan, W., & Jiang, Y. Q. (2019). Patterns of the China-Africa research collaborations from 2006 to 2016: A bibliometric analysis. Higher Education, 77(6), 979\u2013994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10734-018-0314-6","journal-title":"Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.03.033","volume":"89","author":"JA Efstathiou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Efstathiou, J. A., Bvochora-Nsingo, M., Gierga, D. P., Kayembe, M. K. A., Mmalane, M., Russell, A. H., & Dryden-Peterson, S. (2014). Addressing the growing cancer burden in the wake of the AIDS Epidemic in Botswana: The BOTSOGO collaborative partnership. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 89(3), 468\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.03.033","journal-title":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4659_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2013.11.007","volume":"155","author":"AE Elobu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elobu, A. E., Kintu, A., Galukande, M., Kaggwa, S., Mijjumbi, C., Tindimwebwa, J., Roche, A., Dubowitz, G., Ozgediz, D., & Lipnick, M. (2014). Evaluating international global health collaborations: Perspectives from surgery and anesthesia trainees in Uganda. Surgery, 155(4), 585\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2013.11.007","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1819-8","volume":"106","author":"A Fernandez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fernandez, A., Ferrandiz, E., & Leon, M. D. (2016). Proximity dimensions and scientific collaboration among academic institutions in Europe: The closer, the better? Scientometrics, 106(3), 1073\u20131092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-015-1819-8","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"4659_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2006.04.003","volume":"35","author":"C Forero-Pineda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Forero-Pineda, C. (2006). The impact of stronger intellectual property rights on science and technology in developing countries. Research Policy, 35(6), 808\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.respol.2006.04.003","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"4659_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/030631277900900405","volume":"9","author":"JD Frame","year":"1979","unstructured":"Frame, J. D., & Carpenter, M. P. (1979). International research collaboration. Social Studies of Science, 9(4), 481\u2013497.","journal-title":"Social Studies of Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/3.1.75","volume":"3","author":"MS Gertler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gertler, M. S. (2003). Tacit knowledge and the economic geography of context, or The undefinable tacitness of being (there). Journal of Economic Geography, 3(1), 75\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jeg\/3.1.75","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Geography"},{"issue":"10","key":"4659_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2008.08.010","volume":"37","author":"V Gilsing","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gilsing, V., Nooteboom, B., Vanhaverbeke, W., Duysters, G., & van den Oord, A. (2008). Network embeddedness and the exploration of novel technologies: Technological distance, betweenness centrality and density. Research Policy, 37(10), 1717\u20131731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.respol.2008.08.010","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"4659_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goddard, C., & Wierzbicka, A. (2001). Language and Society: Cultural Concerns. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (pp. 8315\u20138320). Pergamon.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-043076-7\/04611-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1086\/228311","volume":"91","author":"M Granovetter","year":"1985","unstructured":"Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic-action and social-structure - the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/228311","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"4659_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2019.06.017","volume":"105","author":"QC Gui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gui, Q. C., Liu, C., & Du, D. B. (2019). Globalization of science and international scientific collaboration: A network perspective. Geoforum, 105, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoforum.2019.06.017","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0539018407085747","volume":"47","author":"G Heimeriks","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heimeriks, G., & Vasileiadou, E. (2008). Changes or transition? Analysing the use of ICTs in the sciences. Social Science Information Sur Les Sciences Sociales, 47(1), 5\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0539018407085747","journal-title":"Social Science Information Sur Les Sciences Sociales"},{"issue":"5","key":"4659_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2010.01.012","volume":"39","author":"J Hoekman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoekman, J., Frenken, K., & Tijssen, R. J. W. (2010). Research collaboration at a distance: Changing spatial patterns of scientific collaboration within Europe. Research Policy, 39(5), 662\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.respol.2010.01.012","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-008-0252-9","volume":"43","author":"J Hoekman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hoekman, J., Frenken, K., & van Oort, F. (2009). The geography of collaborative knowledge production in Europe. Annals of Regional Science, 43(3), 721\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00168-008-0252-9","journal-title":"Annals of Regional Science"},{"key":"4659_CR43","unstructured":"Hollanders, H., Es-Sadki, N., & Merkelbach, I. (2019). European innovation scoreboard 2019. Retrieved from https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/docsroom\/documents\/38781"},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/03057925.2013.765274","volume":"43","author":"HB Holmarsdottir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Holmarsdottir, H. B. (2013). COMPARE Forum: The idea of North-South and South-South collaboration. Compare-a Journal of Comparative and International Education, 43(2), 265\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03057925.2013.765274","journal-title":"Compare-a Journal of Comparative and International Education"},{"key":"4659_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.29.020178.000555","volume":"29","author":"TL Huston","year":"1978","unstructured":"Huston, T. L., & Levinger, G. (1978). Interpersonal-attraction and relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 29, 115\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.ps.29.020178.000555","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-012-0817-3","volume":"95","author":"R Inglesi-Lotz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Inglesi-Lotz, R., & Pouris, A. (2013). The influence of scientific research output of academics on economic growth in South Africa: An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) application. Scientometrics, 95(1), 129\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-012-0817-3","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"4659_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IPBES. (2018). The IPBES regional assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services for Africa. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3236178","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.3236178"},{"key":"4659_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.5169\/seals-266450","volume":"37","author":"P Jaccard","year":"1901","unstructured":"Jaccard, P. (1901). Etude de la distribution florale dans une portion des Alpes et du Jura. Bulletin De La Societe Vaudoise Des Sciences Naturelles, 37, 547\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5169\/seals-266450","journal-title":"Bulletin De La Societe Vaudoise Des Sciences Naturelles"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02018100","volume":"31","author":"JS Katz","year":"1994","unstructured":"Katz, J. S. (1994). Geographical proximity and scientific collaboration. Scientometrics, 31(1), 31\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02018100","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02459299","volume":"40","author":"JS Katz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Katz, J. S., & Hicks, D. (1997). How much is a collaboration worth? A Calibrated Bibliometric Model. Scientometrics, 40(3), 541\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02459299","journal-title":"A Calibrated Bibliometric Model. Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0048-7333(96)00917-1","volume":"26","author":"JS Katz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Katz, J. S., & Martin, B. R. (1997). What is research collaboration? Research Policy, 26(1), 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0048-7333(96)00917-1","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"4659_CR52","unstructured":"Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The Worldwide Governance Indicators : A Summary of Methodology, Data and analytical Issues. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430. Retrieved from http:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1682130"},{"key":"4659_CR53","unstructured":"Kozma, C., Medina, C., & Costas, R. (2018). Research funding landscapes in Africa. In C. Beaudry, J. Mounton, & H. Prozesky (Eds.), The next generation of scientists in Africa. African Minds."},{"key":"4659_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraut, R., Egido, C., & Galegher, J. (1988). Patterns of contact and communication in scientific research collaboration. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work, Portland, Oregon, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/62266.62267"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0301_3","volume":"3","author":"RE Kraut","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kraut, R. E., Galegher, J., & Egido, C. (1987). Relationships and tasks in scientific research collaboration. Human-Computer Interaction, 3(1), 31\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327051hci0301_3","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"4659_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1504\/ijtm.2001.002990","volume":"22","author":"G Laudel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Laudel, G. (2001). Collaboration, creativity and rewards: Why and how scientists collaborate. International Journal of Technology Management, 22(7\u20138), 762\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/ijtm.2001.002990","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology Management"},{"key":"4659_CR57","unstructured":"Lazarsfeld, P., & Merton, R. K. (1954). Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis. In M. Berger, T. Abel, & H. Charles (Eds.), Freedom and control in modern society. Van Nostrand."},{"key":"4659_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.24070","author":"S Loukanova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Loukanova, S., Prytherch, H., Blank, A., Duysburgh, E., Tomson, G., Gustafsson, L. L., Si\u00e9, A., Williams, J., Leshabari, M., Haefeli, W. E., Sauerborn, R., & Fonn, S. (2014). Nesting doctoral students in collaborative North-South partnerships for health systems research. Global Health Action. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/gha.v7.24070","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"issue":"6","key":"4659_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2010.11.027","volume":"390","author":"LY Lu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lu, L. Y., & Zhou, T. (2011). Link prediction in complex networks: A survey. Physica a-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 390(6), 1150\u20131170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physa.2010.11.027","journal-title":"Physica a-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1108\/09696470610661117","volume":"13","author":"LM Lucas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lucas, L. M. (2006). The role of culture on knowledge transfer: The case of the multinational corporation. Learning Organization, 13(3), 257\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09696470610661117","journal-title":"Learning Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/016224399201700106","volume":"17","author":"T Luukkonen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Luukkonen, T., Persson, O., & Sivertsen, G. (1992). Understanding patterns of international scientific collaboration. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 17(1), 101\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/016224399201700106","journal-title":"Science, Technology, & Human Values"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2006.11.002","volume":"16","author":"K Makela","year":"2007","unstructured":"Makela, K., Kalla, H. K., & Piekkari, R. (2007). Interpersonal similarity as a driver of knowledge sharing within multinational corporations. International Business Review, 16(1), 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2006.11.002","journal-title":"International Business Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2019.1606570","volume":"12","author":"EN Maleka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maleka, E. N., Currie, P., & Schneider, H. (2019). Research collaboration on community health worker programmes in low-income countries: An analysis of authorship teams and networks. Global Health Action, 12(1), 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16549716.2019.1606570","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-016-1846-0","volume":"107","author":"JR Maluleka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maluleka, J. R., Onyancha, O. B., & Ajiferuke, I. (2016). Factors influencing research collaboration in LIS schools in South Africa. Scientometrics, 107(2), 337\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-016-1846-0","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2011.00164.x","volume":"5","author":"K Marfo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marfo, K., Pence, A., LeVine, R. A., & LeVine, S. (2011). Strengthening Africa\u2019s contributions to child development research: Introduction. Child Development Perspectives, 5(2), 104\u2013111.","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"4659_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-018-0409-7","author":"TFL Matenga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matenga, T. F. L., Zulu, J. M., Corbin, J. H., & Mweemba, O. (2019). Contemporary issues in north-south health research partnerships: perspectives of health research stakeholders in Zambia. Health Research Policy and Systems. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12961-018-0409-7","journal-title":"Health Research Policy and Systems"},{"key":"4659_CR67","unstructured":"Mbaku, J. M. (2020). Deepening good governance: inclusion, democracy, and security. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/ForesightAfrica2020_20200110.pdf"},{"key":"4659_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.415","volume":"27","author":"M McPherson","year":"2001","unstructured":"McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 415\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.415","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"4659_CR69","unstructured":"MIF. (2020). 2020 Ibrahim Index of African Governance. Retrieved from https:\/\/mo.ibrahim.foundation\/iiag\/downloads"},{"key":"4659_CR70","unstructured":"Mouton, J. (2018). African science: A legacy of neglect. In C. Beaudry, J. Mouton, & H. Prozesky (Eds.), The next generation of scientists in Africa. African Minds."},{"key":"4659_CR71","unstructured":"Mouton, J., & Blanckenberg, J. (2018). African science A bibliometric analysis. In C. Beaudry & H. Prozesky (Eds.), The Next generation of scientists in Africa. African Minds."},{"key":"4659_CR72","unstructured":"Mouton, J., Basson, I., Blanckenberg, J., Boshoff, N., Prozesky, H., Redelinghuys, H., . . . Van Niekerk, M. (2019). The state of the South African research enterprise. DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Scientometrics and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy."},{"key":"4659_CR73","unstructured":"Mouton, J., Gaillard, J., & Lill, M. V. (2015). Functions of science granting councils in sub-Saharan Africa. In N. Cloete, P. Maassen, & T. Bailey (Eds.), Knowledge production and contradictory functions in African higher education. African Minds."},{"key":"4659_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/02681102.2015.1121856","volume":"22","author":"P Muriithi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muriithi, P., Horner, D., & Pemberton, L. (2016). Factors contributing to adoption and use of information and communication technologies within research collaborations in Kenya. Information Technology for Development, 22, 84\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02681102.2015.1121856","journal-title":"Information Technology for Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2017.10.002","volume":"47","author":"P Muriithi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Muriithi, P., Horner, D., Pemberton, L., & Wao, H. (2018). Factors influencing research collaborations in Kenyan universities. Research Policy, 47(1), 88\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.respol.2017.10.002","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"4659_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.64.025102","author":"MEJ Newman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Newman, M. E. J. (2001). Clustering and preferential attachment in growing networks. Physical Review E. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevE.64.025102","journal-title":"Physical Review E"},{"key":"4659_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5200","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307545100","volume":"101","author":"MEJ Newman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Newman, M. E. J. (2004). Coauthorship networks and patterns of scientific collaboration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 5200\u20135205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0307545100","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"4659_CR78","unstructured":"NPCA. (2014). African Innovation Outlook 2014. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nepad.org\/publication\/african-innovation-outlook-ii"},{"issue":"8","key":"4659_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23285","volume":"66","author":"H Ntuli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ntuli, H., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Chang, T. Y., & Pouris, A. (2015). Does research output cause economic growth or vice versa? Evidence from 34 OECD countries. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 66(8), 1709\u20131716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.23285","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"4659_CR80","unstructured":"OECD. (2015). OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03390-z","volume":"123","author":"OB Onyancha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Onyancha, O. B. (2020). A meta-analysis study of the relationship between research and economic development in selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Scientometrics, 123(2), 655\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-020-03390-z","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-016-2221-x","volume":"110","author":"F Owusu-Nimo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Owusu-Nimo, F., & Boshoff, N. (2017). Research collaboration in Ghana: Patterns, motives and roles. Scientometrics, 110(3), 1099\u20131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-016-2221-x","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"4659_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00902","author":"RK Pan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pan, R. K., Kaski, K., & Fortunato, S. (2012). World citation and collaboration networks: uncovering the role of geography in science. Scientific Reports. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep00902","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-013-1182-6","volume":"98","author":"T Plotnikova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Plotnikova, T., & Rake, B. (2014). Collaboration in pharmaceutical research: Exploration of country-level determinants. Scientometrics, 98(2), 1173\u20131202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-013-1182-6","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1435-5957.2007.00126.x","volume":"86","author":"R Pond","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pond, R., van Oort, F., & Frenken, K. (2007). The geographical and institutional proximity of research collaboration. Papers in Regional Science, 86(3), 423\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1435-5957.2007.00126.x","journal-title":"Papers in Regional Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-013-1156-8","volume":"98","author":"A Pouris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pouris, A., & Ho, Y. S. (2014). Research emphasis and collaboration in Africa. Scientometrics, 98(3), 2169\u20132184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-013-1156-8","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0419-x","volume":"79","author":"A Pouris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pouris, A., & Pouris, A. (2009). The state of science and technology in Africa (2000\u20132004): A scientometric assessment. Scientometrics, 79(2), 297\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-009-0419-x","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"4659_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.14.7.92.23860","volume":"14","author":"P Reddy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reddy, P., Taylor, S. E., & Sifunda, S. (2002). Research capacity building and collaboration between South African and American partners: The adaptation of an intervention model for HIV\/AIDS prevention in corrections research. Aids Education and Prevention, 14(5), 92\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/aeap.14.7.92.23860","journal-title":"Aids Education and Prevention"},{"issue":"5","key":"4659_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1086\/261420","volume":"94","author":"PM Romer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002\u20131037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/261420","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2006.10.001","volume":"10","author":"D Sarewitz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarewitz, D., & Pielke, R. A. (2007). The neglected heart of science policy: Reconciling supply of and demand for science. Environmental Science & Policy, 10(1), 5\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2006.10.001","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR91","first-page":"213","volume":"2","author":"A Sawyerr","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sawyerr, A. (2004). African universities and the challenge of research capacity development. Journal of Higher Education in Africa \/ Revue de l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur en Afrique, 2(1), 213\u2013242.","journal-title":"Journal of Higher Education in Africa \/ Revue de l'enseignement sup\u00e9rieur en Afrique"},{"issue":"6","key":"4659_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/00343401003713373","volume":"45","author":"T Scherngell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scherngell, T., & Hu, Y. J. (2011). Collaborative knowledge production in China: Regional evidence from a gravity model approach. Regional Studies, 45(6), 755\u2013772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00343401003713373","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"key":"4659_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-00385-5","author":"Q Schiermeier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schiermeier, Q. (2021). Russian academics decry law change that threatens scientific outreach. Nature. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-021-00385-5","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.22452\/mjlis.vol22no2.4","volume":"22","author":"I Shehatta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shehatta, I., & Mahmood, K. (2017). Bibliometric patterns and indicators of research collaboration of Egyptian health scientists: 1980\u20132014. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 22(2), 45\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22452\/mjlis.vol22no2.4","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5885.2008.00292.x","volume":"25","author":"AL Sherwood","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sherwood, A. L., & Covin, J. G. (2008). Knowledge acquisition in university-industry alliances: An empirical investigation from a learning theory perspective. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 25(2), 162\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-5885.2008.00292.x","journal-title":"Journal of Product Innovation Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"4659_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.88.4.641","volume":"88","author":"J Silva","year":"2006","unstructured":"Silva, J., & Tenreyro, S. (2006). The log of gravity. Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(4), 641\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/rest.88.4.641","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315319889896","volume":"24","author":"S Skupien","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skupien, S., & Ruffin, N. (2020). The geography of research funding: semantics and beyond. Journal of Studies in International Education, 24(1), 24\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1028315319889896","journal-title":"Journal of Studies in International Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1080\/1331677x.2016.1211948","volume":"29","author":"S Sokolov-Mladenovic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sokolov-Mladenovic, S., Cvetanovic, S., & Mladenovic, I. (2016). R&D expenditure and economic growth: EU28 evidence for the period 2002\u20132012. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 29(1), 1005\u20131020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1331677x.2016.1211948","journal-title":"Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2307\/1884513","volume":"70","author":"RM Solow","year":"1956","unstructured":"Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic-growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1884513","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2307\/2785668","volume":"22","author":"R Sommer","year":"1959","unstructured":"Sommer, R. (1959). Studies in personal-space. Sociometry, 22(3), 247\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2785668","journal-title":"Sociometry"},{"key":"4659_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.2007.1440410121","volume":"41","author":"DH Sonnenwald","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sonnenwald, D. H. (2007). Scientific collaboration. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 41, 643\u2013681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aris.2007.1440410121","journal-title":"Annual Review of Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0106-y","volume":"84","author":"R Sooryamoorthy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sooryamoorthy, R. (2010). Science and scientific collaboration in South Africa: Apartheid and after. Scientometrics, 84(2), 373\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-009-0106-y","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4659_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-018-2675-0","volume":"115","author":"R Sooryamoorthy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sooryamoorthy, R. (2018). The production of science in Africa: An analysis of publications in the science disciplines, 2000\u20132015. Scientometrics, 115(1), 317\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-018-2675-0","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4659_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/jnlecg\/lbh027","volume":"4","author":"M Storper","year":"2004","unstructured":"Storper, M., & Venables, A. J. (2004). Buzz: Face-to-face contact and the urban economy. Journal of Economic Geography, 4(4), 351\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnlecg\/lbh027","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Geography"},{"key":"4659_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S625","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2459-4","volume":"28","author":"WM Tierney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tierney, W. M., Nyandiko, W. N., Siika, A. M., Wools-Kaloustian, K., Sidle, J. E., Kiplagat, J., Bell, A., & Inui, T. S. (2013). \"These are Good Problems to Have ... \": Establishing a collaborative research partnership in East Africa. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28, S625\u2013S638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-013-2459-4","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/scipol\/scx074","volume":"45","author":"R Tijssen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tijssen, R., & Kraemer-Mbula, E. (2018). Research excellence in Africa: Policies, perceptions, and performance. Science and Public Policy, 45(3), 392\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scipol\/scx074","journal-title":"Science and Public Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"4659_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1080\/00343400801922814","volume":"42","author":"A Torre","year":"2008","unstructured":"Torre, A. (2008). On the role played by temporary geographical proximity in knowledge transmission. Regional Studies, 42(6), 869\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00343400801922814","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"key":"4659_CR108","unstructured":"UNESCO. (2001). UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, adopted by the 31st session of the General Conference of UNESCO, Paris, 2 November 2001. In."},{"key":"4659_CR109","unstructured":"UNESCO. (2015). UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030. Retrieved from https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/unesco_science_report"},{"key":"4659_CR110","unstructured":"UNESCO. (2021). UNESCO Science Report: the race against time for smarter development (9231004506978-92-3-100450-6). Retrieved from Paris: https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/notice?id=p::usmarcdef_0000377433"},{"issue":"4","key":"4659_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-022-04297-7","volume":"127","author":"ES Vieira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vieira, E. S., & Cerdeira, J. (2022). The integration of African countries in international research networks. Scientometrics, 127(4), 1995\u20132021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-022-04297-7","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"4659_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2022.101259","author":"ES Vieira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vieira, E. S., Cerdeira, J., & Teixeira, A. A. C. (2022). Which distance dimensions matter in international research collaboration? A cross-country analysis by scientific domain. Journal of Informetrics, 16(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joi.2022.101259","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"4659_CR113","unstructured":"Wagner, C. S., Brahmakulam, I., Jackson, B., Wong, A., & Yoda, T. (2001). Science and Technology Collaboration: Building Capacity in Developing Countries? Retrieved from Pittsburgh: https:\/\/www.rand.org\/content\/dam\/rand\/pubs\/monograph_reports\/2005\/MR1357.0.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"4659_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/019722496129341","volume":"12","author":"JP Walsh","year":"1996","unstructured":"Walsh, J. P. (1996). The virtual college: Computer-mediated communication and scientific work. The Information Society, 12(4), 343\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/019722496129341","journal-title":"The Information Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1177\/030631296026003006","volume":"26","author":"JP Walsh","year":"1996","unstructured":"Walsh, J. P., & Bayma, T. (1996). Computer networks and scientific work. Social Studies of Science, 26(3), 661\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030631296026003006","journal-title":"Social Studies of Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"4659_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11575-008-0019-7","volume":"48","author":"DE Welch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Welch, D. E., & Welch, L. S. (2008). The importance of language in international knowledge transfer. Management International Review, 48(3), 339\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11575-008-0019-7","journal-title":"Management International Review"},{"key":"4659_CR117","unstructured":"WMO. (2020). State of the Climate in Africa 2019. Retrieved from https:\/\/library.wmo.int\/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10421"},{"key":"4659_CR118","unstructured":"Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (2 ed. Vol. 1): MIT Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"4659_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-016-1989-z","volume":"108","author":"M Zdravkovic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zdravkovic, M., Chiwona-Karltun, L., & Zink, E. (2016). Experiences and perceptions of South-South and North-South scientific collaboration of mathematicians, physicists and chemists from five southern African universities. Scientometrics, 108(2), 717\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-016-1989-z","journal-title":"Scientometrics"}],"container-title":["Scientometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-023-04659-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11192-023-04659-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-023-04659-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T14:07:22Z","timestamp":1682258842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11192-023-04659-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-023-04659-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0138-9130","1588-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0138-9130","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no potential conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}