{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T07:35:05Z","timestamp":1740123305473,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"COST Action European Network for Argumentation and Public Policy Analysis","award":["CA17132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA17132"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["2020.09683.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.09683.BD"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005855","name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Topoi"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We explore a particular type of propagandistic message, which we call \u201cprovocative insinuation\u201d. For example: \u2018Iraqi refugee is convicted in Germany of raping and murdering teenage girl\u2019. Although this sentence seems to merely report a fact, it also conveys a potentially hateful message about Iraqi refugees. We look at the argumentative roles that these utterances play in public discourse. Specifically, we argue that they implicitly address the question of the integration of refugees and migrants, and in fact aim to tilt the audience against these groups by strongly inviting hearers to make generalisations based on \u201cstriking\u201d properties. We examine different strategies to counteract the conveyed hateful message.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-023-09894-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T22:51:56Z","timestamp":1679871116000},"page":"419-431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Provocative Insinuations as Hate Speech: Argumentative Functions of Mentioning Ethnicity in Headlines"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1969-3551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Armas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4592-9783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Soria-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7218-3948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Lewi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"9894_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72604-5","volume-title":"Online hate speech in the european union a discourse-analytic perspective","author":"S Assimakopoulos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Assimakopoulos S, Baider FH, Millar S (2017) Online Hate Speech in the European Union a Discourse-Analytic perspective. Springer, Cham"},{"key":"9894_CR2","first-page":"40","volume-title":"New work on speech acts","author":"E Camp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Camp E (2018) Insinuation, common ground, and the conversational record. In: Fogal D, Harris DW, Moss M (eds) New Work on Speech Acts. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 40\u201366"},{"key":"9894_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110733730-010","volume-title":"From lying to perjury: linguistic and legal perspectives on lies and other falsehoods","author":"E Camp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Camp E (2022) Just saying, just kidding: liability for accountability-avoiding speech in ordinary conversation, politics and law. In: Horn L (ed) From Lying to Perjury: Linguistic and Legal Perspectives on Lies and Other Falsehoods. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 227\u2013258"},{"key":"9894_CR53","unstructured":"Carrera M (2017) Enfocando a los \u201cdigitales de odio\u201d. https:\/\/www.eldiario.es\/catalunya\/opinions\/enfocando-digitales-odio_132_3518066.html. Accessed 20 May 2021"},{"key":"9894_CR4","unstructured":"Cepollaro B (ms). Blocking toxic speech online-a qualitative study on social media [Unpublished manuscript]"},{"issue":"1","key":"9894_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12890","DOI":"10.1111\/phc3.12890","volume":"18","author":"B Cepollaro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cepollaro B, Lepoutre M, Simpson RM (2023) Counterspeech. Philosophy Compass 18(1):e12890","journal-title":"Philos Compass"},{"key":"9894_CR6","unstructured":"Colegio de Periodistas de Catalu\u00f1a (2020) Manual de estilo sobre minor\u00edas \u00e9tnicas, https:\/\/aulaintercultural.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/manualdeestilo.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2021."},{"key":"9894_CR7","unstructured":"Consejo Audiovisual de Andaluc\u00eda (2020) Recomendaciones del Consejo Audiovisual de Andaluc\u00eda sobre el tratamiento de la Inmigraci\u00f3n en los medios audiovisuales, https:\/\/www.comisiondequejas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Andalucia1.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2021."},{"issue":"12","key":"9894_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"J Cohen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cohen J, Kehler A (2021) Conversational eliciture. Philosophers\u2019 Imprint 21(12):1\u201326","journal-title":"Philosophers\u2019 Impr"},{"key":"9894_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-022-09876-0","author":"C Corredor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corredor C (2023) Agreeing on a norm: what sort of speech act? Topoi. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-022-09876-0","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"9894_CR10","first-page":"63","volume":"84","author":"A Dom\u00ednguez-Armas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-Armas A, Soria-Ruiz A (2021) Provocative insinuations. Daimon Revista Internacional de Filosof\u00eda 84:63\u201380","journal-title":"Daimon Revista Internacional de Filosof\u00eda"},{"issue":"4","key":"9894_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2307\/2183886","volume":"81","author":"F Dretske","year":"1972","unstructured":"Dretske F (1972) Contrastive statements. Philosophical Review 81(4):411\u2013437","journal-title":"Philosophical Rev"},{"key":"9894_CR12","unstructured":"Dutilh Novaes C (2022) Argument and argumentation. In: Zalta EN and Nodelman U (eds) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (fall 2022 edition). https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/fall2022\/entries\/argument\/"},{"key":"9894_CR13","volume-title":"Political discourse analysis: a method for advanced students","author":"N Fairclough","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fairclough N, Fairclough I (2012) Political Discourse Analysis: A Method for Advanced Students. Routledge, London"},{"key":"9894_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0357-5","volume-title":"Argument structure: representation and theory","author":"JB Freeman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Freeman JB (2011) Argument Structure: Representation and Theory. Springer, Dordrecht"},{"issue":"1","key":"9894_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8349.2012.00208.x","volume":"86","author":"E Fricker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fricker E (2012) Stating and insinuating. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 86(1):61\u201394","journal-title":"Proc Aristot Soc"},{"key":"9894_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198827580.013.15","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of freedom of speech","author":"K Gelber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gelber K (2021) Speaking back. In: Stone A, Schauer F (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Freedom of Speech. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 249\u2013268"},{"key":"9894_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-3783-1_11","volume-title":"Feminist metaphysics: explorations in the ontology of sex, gender and the self","author":"S Haslanger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haslanger S (2011) Ideology, generics, and common ground. In: Witt C (ed) Feminist Metaphysics: Explorations in the Ontology of Sex, Gender and the Self. Springer, Netherlands, pp 179\u2013207"},{"key":"9894_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044451541-4\/50007-5","volume-title":"Philosophy of logic","author":"D Hitchcock","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hitchcock D (2007) Informal logic and the concept of argument. In: Jaquette D (ed) Philosophy of Logic. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 101\u2013129"},{"issue":"3","key":"9894_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1017\/S000712341900053X","volume":"51","author":"JW Howard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Howard JW (2021) Terror, hate and the demands of counter-speech. British Journal of Political Science 51(3):924\u2013939","journal-title":"Br J Polit Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"9894_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10503-015-9353-7","volume":"29","author":"S Jackson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jackson S (2015) Design thinking in argumentation theory and practice. Argumentation 29(3):243\u2013263","journal-title":"Argumentation"},{"issue":"2","key":"9894_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10503-011-9209-8","volume":"25","author":"ECW Krabbe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krabbe ECW, van Laar JA (2011) The ways of criticism. Argumentation 25(2):199\u2013227","journal-title":"Argumentation"},{"key":"9894_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199691807.003.0015","volume-title":"Genericity","author":"M Krifka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krifka M (2012) Definitional generics. In: Mari A, Beyssade C, Del Prete F (eds) Genericity. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 372\u2013389"},{"key":"9894_CR23","first-page":"144","volume-title":"New work on speech acts","author":"R Langton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Langton R (2018) Blocking as counter-speech. In: Fogal D, Harris DW, Moss M (eds) New Work on Speech Acts. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 144\u2013165"},{"key":"9894_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee JJ, Pinker S (2010) Rationales for indirect speech: The theory of the strategic speaker. Psychological Review 117(3): 785\u2013807","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019688"},{"issue":"3","key":"9894_CR24","first-page":"155","volume":"16","author":"MC Lepoutre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lepoutre MC (2019) Can \u201cmore speech\u201d counter ignorant speech? Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 16(3):155\u2013191","journal-title":"J Ethics Soc Philos"},{"issue":"1","key":"9894_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1520-8583.2007.00138.x","volume":"21","author":"SJ Leslie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leslie SJ (2007) Generics and the structure of the mind. Philosophical Perspectives. A Supplement to No\u00fbs 21(1):375\u2013403","journal-title":"Philosophical Perspectives. A Supplement to No\u00fbs"},{"issue":"1","key":"9894_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1215\/00318108-2007-023","volume":"117","author":"SJ Leslie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leslie SJ (2008) Generics: cognition and acquisition. Philosophical Review 117(1):1\u201347","journal-title":"Philos Rev"},{"key":"9894_CR27","volume-title":"Generics. The routledge encyclopedia of philosophy","author":"SJ Leslie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leslie SJ (2011) Generics. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis, London"},{"key":"9894_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leslie SJ (2014) Carving up the social world with generics. In: Knobe J, Lombrozo T, Nichols S (eds) Oxford Studies in Experimental Philosophy, vol 1. Oxford Academic, Oxford, pp 208\u2013231","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198718765.003.0009"},{"issue":"8","key":"9894_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.5840\/jphil2017114828","volume":"114","author":"SJ Leslie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leslie SJ (2017) The original sin of cognition: fear, prejudice and generalization. Journal of Philosophy 114(8):393\u2013421","journal-title":"J Philos"},{"key":"9894_CR30","unstructured":"Leslie SJ, Lerner A (2016) Generic generalizations. In: Zalta EN and Nodelman U (eds) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (summer 2016 edition). https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/sum2016\/entries\/generics\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"9894_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.22329\/il.v37i2.4775","volume":"37","author":"M Lewi\u0144ski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lewi\u0144ski M (2017) Practical argumentation as reasoned advocacy. Informal Logic 37(2):85\u2013113","journal-title":"Informal Log"},{"issue":"2","key":"9894_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.31577\/orgf.2021.28207","volume":"28","author":"M Lewi\u0144ski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lewi\u0144ski M (2021) Conclusions of practical argument: a speech act analysis. Organon F 28(2):420\u2013457","journal-title":"Organon F"},{"key":"9894_CR33","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The international encyclopedia of communication theory and philosophy","author":"M Lewi\u0144ski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lewi\u0144ski M, Mohammed D (2016) Argumentation theory. In: Jensen KB, Craig R, Pooley J, Rothenbuhler E (eds) The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy. Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, pp 1\u201315"},{"issue":"1","key":"9894_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00258436","volume":"8","author":"D Lewis","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lewis D (1979) Scorekeeping in a language game. Journal of Philosophical Logic 8(1):339\u2013359","journal-title":"J Philos Log"},{"key":"9894_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mari A, Beyssade C, Del Prete F (eds) (2012) Genericity. Oxford University Press, Oxford","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199691807.001.0001"},{"key":"9894_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mila.12377","author":"D Mazzarella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mazzarella D (2021) \u201cI didn\u2019t mean to suggest anything like that!\u201d: deniability and context reconstruction. Mind and Language. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mila.12377","journal-title":"Mind Lang"},{"key":"9894_CR37","first-page":"2491","volume":"54","author":"DC Nunziato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nunziato DC (2021) The varieties of Counterspeech and Censorship on Social Media. UC Davis L Rev 54:2491","journal-title":"UC Davis L Rev"},{"key":"9894_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2022.07.006","volume":"198","author":"S Oswald","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oswald S (2022) Insinuation is committing. Journal of Pragmatics 198:158\u2013170","journal-title":"J Pragmat"},{"issue":"3","key":"9894_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707192105","volume":"105","author":"Steven Pinker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pinker S, Nowak M, Lee J (2008) The logic of indirect speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(3): 833\u2013838","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"9894_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1887.001.0001","volume-title":"Cognitive carpentry: A blueprint for how to build a person","author":"J Pollock","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pollock J (1995) Cognitive Carpentry: A Blueprint for How to Build a Person. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts\u00a0"},{"issue":"1","key":"9894_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12509","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12509","volume":"21","author":"M Rhodes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rhodes M, Leslie SJ, Saunders K, Dunham Y, Cimpian A (2018) How does social essentialism affect the development of inter-group relations? Developmental Science 21(1):e12509","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"9894_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"C Roberts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roberts C (2012) Information structure in discourse: towards an integrated formal theory of pragmatics. Semantics and Pragmatics 5(6):1\u201369","journal-title":"Semant Pragmat"},{"key":"9894_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0020174X.2017.1285995","author":"J Saul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saul J (2017) Are generics especially pernicious? Inquiry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0020174X.2017.1285995","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"issue":"1","key":"9894_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-014-0438-1","volume":"173","author":"J Schaffer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schaffer J (2016) Grounding in the image of causation. Philosophical Studies 173(1):49\u2013100","journal-title":"Philos Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"9894_CR44","first-page":"321","volume":"6","author":"D Serafis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Serafis D (2022) Unveiling the rationale of soft hate speech in multimodal artefacts: a critical framework. Journal of Language and Discrimination 6(2):321\u2013346","journal-title":"J Lang Discrimination"},{"key":"9894_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020867916902","volume":"25","author":"R Stalnaker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stalnaker R (2002) Common ground. Linguistics and Philosophy 25:701\u2013721","journal-title":"Linguist Philos"},{"key":"9894_CR46","unstructured":"Torres da Silva M (2021) Discurso de \u00d3dio, Jornalismo e Participa\u00e7\u00e3o das Audi\u00eancias. Almedina, Coimbra"},{"key":"9894_CR47","volume-title":"A systematic theory of argumentation: the pragma-dialectical approach","author":"FH van Eemeren","year":"2004","unstructured":"van Eemeren FH, Grootendorst R (2004) A systematic theory of argumentation: the pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"9894_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674065086","volume-title":"The harm in hate speech","author":"J Waldron","year":"2012","unstructured":"Waldron J (2012) The Harm in Hate Speech. Harvard University Press, Cambridge,\u00a0Massachusetts"},{"issue":"6","key":"9894_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650219855330","volume":"47","author":"C Wilhelm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilhelm C, Joeckel S, Ziegler I (2020) Reporting hate comments: investigating the effects of deviance characteristics, neutralization strategies, and users\u2019 moral orientation. Communication Research 47(6):921\u2013944","journal-title":"Communication Res"}],"container-title":["Topoi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11245-023-09894-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11245-023-09894-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11245-023-09894-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T01:45:28Z","timestamp":1729129528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11245-023-09894-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["9894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-023-09894-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-7411","1572-8749"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0167-7411"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1572-8749"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 February 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}