{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T11:07:44Z","timestamp":1769857664724,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,19]],"date-time":"2008-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1213833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water Resour Manage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-008-9282-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,18]],"date-time":"2008-06-18T11:50:08Z","timestamp":1213789808000},"page":"439-455","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":246,"title":["Spatial Patterns and Temporal Variability of Drought in Western Iran"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tayeb","family":"Raziei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bahram","family":"Saghafian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana A.","family":"Paulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luis S.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Bordi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"9282_CR1","unstructured":"Agrawala S, Barlow M, Cullen H, Lyon B (2001) The drought and humanitarian crisis in Central and Southwest Asia: a climate perspective, IRI special report N. 01-11. International Research Institute for Climate Prediction, Palisades, p 24"},{"key":"9282_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024716530289","volume":"17","author":"B Bonaccorso","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bonaccorso B, Bordi I, Cancelliere A, Rossi G, Sutera A (2003) Spatial variability of drought: an analysis of the SPI in Sicily. Water Resour Manag 17:273\u2013296","journal-title":"Water Resour Manag"},{"key":"9282_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013353822381","volume":"15","author":"I Bordi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bordi I, Sutera A (2001) Fifty years of precipitation: some spatially remote teleconnnections. Water Resour Manag 15:247\u2013280","journal-title":"Water Resour Manag"},{"key":"9282_CR4","first-page":"185","volume":"25C","author":"I Bordi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bordi I, Sutera A (2002) An analysis of drought in Italy in the last fifty years. Nuovo Cimento C 25C:185\u2013206","journal-title":"Nuovo Cimento C"},{"key":"9282_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-004-0053-8","volume":"79","author":"I Bordi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bordi I, Fraedrich K, Jiang J-M, Sutera A (2004a) Spatio-temporal variability of dry and wet periods in eastern China. Theor Appl Climatol 79:81\u201391","journal-title":"Theor Appl Climatol"},{"key":"9282_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-003-0029-0","volume":"77","author":"I Bordi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bordi I, Fraedrich K, Gerstengarbe F-W, Werner PC, Sutera A (2004b) Potential predictability of dry and wet periods: Sicily and Elbe-Basin (Germany). Theor Appl Climatol 77:125\u2013138","journal-title":"Theor Appl Climatol"},{"key":"9282_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-005-9013-z","volume":"20","author":"I Bordi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bordi I, Fraedrich K, Petitta M, Sutera A (2006) Large-scale assessment of drought variability based on NCEP\/NCAR and ERA-40 re-analyses. Water Resour Manag 20:899\u2013915","journal-title":"Water Resour Manag"},{"key":"9282_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2004.04.009","volume":"297","author":"Y Dinpashoh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dinpashoh Y, Fakheri-Fard A, Moghaddam M, Jahanbakhsh S, Mirnia M (2004) Selection of variables for the purpose of regionalization of Iran\u2019s precipitation climate using multivariate methods. J Hydrol 297:109\u2013123","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"9282_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s007040050060","volume":"61","author":"M Domroes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Domroes M, Kaviani M, Schaefer D (1998) An analysis of regional and intra-annual precipitation variability over Iran using multivariate statistical methods. Theor Appl Climatol 61:151\u2013159","journal-title":"Theor Appl Climatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9282_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05964.x","volume":"34","author":"NB Guttman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Guttman NB (1998) Comparing the Palmer drought index and the standardized precipitation index. J Am Water Resour Assoc 34(1):113\u2013121","journal-title":"J Am Water Resour Assoc"},{"key":"9282_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03592.x","volume":"35","author":"NB Guttman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Guttman NB (1999) Accepting the standardised precipitation index: a calculation algorithm. J Am Water Resour Assn 35:311\u2013322","journal-title":"J Am Water Resour Assn"},{"key":"9282_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1999)080<0429:MTDUTS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"80","author":"MJ Hayes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hayes MJ, Svoboda MD, Wilhite DA, Vanyarkho OV (1999) Monitoring the 1996 drought using the standardized precipitation index. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80:429\u2013438","journal-title":"Bull Amer Meteor Soc"},{"key":"9282_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2002)083<1149:AROTDI>2.3.CO;2","volume":"83","author":"RR Heim Jr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heim RR Jr (2002) A review of twentieth-century drought indices used in the United States. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 83:1149\u20131165","journal-title":"Bull Amer Meteor Soc"},{"key":"9282_CR14","volume-title":"Statistical methods in water resources","author":"DR Helsel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Helsel DR, Hirsch RM (1992) Statistical methods in water resources. Elsevier, Amsterdam"},{"key":"9282_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2","volume":"77","author":"E Kalnay","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, Collins W, Deaven D, Gandin L, Iredell M, Saha S, White G, Woollen J, Zhu Y, Leetmaa A, Reynolds B, Chelliah M, Ebisuzaki W, Higgins W, Janowiak J, Mo KC, Ropelewski C, Wang J, Roy J, Joseph D (1996) The NCEP\/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 77:437\u2013471","journal-title":"Bull Amer Meteor Soc"},{"key":"9282_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2002)083<1191:TQODAE>2.3.CO;2","volume":"83","author":"J Keyantash","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keyantash J, Dracup JA (2002) The quantification of drought: an evaluation of drought indices. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 83:1167\u20131180","journal-title":"Bull Amer Meteor Soc"},{"key":"9282_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.697","volume":"21","author":"X Lana","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lana X, Serra C, Burgue\u00f1o A (2001) Patterns of monthly rainfall shortage and excess in terms of the standardized precipitation index for Catalonia (NE Spain). Int J Climatol 21:1669\u20131691","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"key":"9282_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.846","volume":"22","author":"B Lloyd-Hughes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lloyd-Hughes B, Saunders BA (2002) A drought climatology for Europe. Int J Climatol 22:1571\u20131592","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"key":"9282_CR19","unstructured":"McKee TB, Doesken NJ, Kleist J (1993) The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. In: Proceedings of the 8th conference on applied climatology, 17\u201322 January, Anaheim, CA, Am Meteor Soc, Boston, MA, 179\u2013184"},{"key":"9282_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-005-0238-4","volume":"19","author":"AK Mishra","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mishra AK, Desai VR (2005) Drought forecasting using stochastic models. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 19:326\u2013339","journal-title":"Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess"},{"key":"9282_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira EE, Coelho CA, Paulo AA, Pereira LS, Mexia JT (2008) SPI-based drought category prediction using log linear models. J Hydrol doi: 10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.03.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.03.002"},{"key":"9282_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1264","volume":"26","author":"S Morid","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morid S, Smakhtin V, Moghaddasi M (2006) Comparison of seven meteorological indices for drought monitoring in Iran. Int J Climatol 26:971\u2013985","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"key":"9282_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(200001)20:1<47::AID-JOC461>3.0.CO;2-P","volume":"20","author":"MJ Nazemosadat","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nazemosadat MJ, Cordery I (2000) On the relationships between ENSO and autumn rainfall in Iran. Int J Climatol 20:47\u201361","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"key":"9282_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2004)017<4005:QTESIT>2.0.CO;2","volume":"17","author":"MJ Nazemosadat","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nazemosadat MJ, Ghasemi AR (2004) Quantifying the ENSO-related shifts in the intensity and probability of drought and wet periods in Iran. J Climate 17:4005\u20134018","journal-title":"J Climate"},{"key":"9282_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1982)110<0699:SEITEO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"110","author":"GR North","year":"1982","unstructured":"North GR, Bell TL, Cahalan RF (1982) Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon Wea Rev 110:699\u2013706","journal-title":"Mon Wea Rev"},{"key":"9282_CR26","unstructured":"Palmer WC (1965) Meteorological drought, tech. report no. 45. U.S. Department of Commerce Weather Bureau Research, Washington, D.C."},{"key":"9282_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/02508060608691913","volume":"31","author":"AA Paulo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Paulo AA, Pereira LS (2006) Drought concepts and characterization: comparing drought indices applied at local and regional scales. Water Int 31:37\u201349","journal-title":"Water Int"},{"key":"9282_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-006-9129-9","volume":"21","author":"AA Paulo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Paulo AA, Pereira LS (2007) Prediction of SPI drought class transitions using Markov chains. Water Resour Manag 21:1813\u20131827","journal-title":"Water Resour Manag"},{"key":"9282_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-0129-8_4","volume-title":"Tools for drought mitigation in Mediterranean regions","author":"AA Paulo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Paulo AA, Pereira LS, Matias PG (2003) Analysis of local and regional droughts in southern Portugal using the theory of runs and the standardized precipitation index. In: Rossi G, Cancelliere A, Pereira LS, Oweis T, Shatanawi M, Zairi A (eds) Tools for drought mitigation in Mediterranean regions. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 55\u201378"},{"key":"9282_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2004.09.039","volume":"77","author":"AA Paulo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Paulo AA, Ferreira E, Coelho C, Pereira LS (2005) Drought class transition analysis through Markov and log linear models, an approach to early warning. Agric Water Manag 77:59\u201381","journal-title":"Agric Water Manag"},{"key":"9282_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<0545:VOAPAI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"15","author":"MC Peel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Peel MC, McMahon TA, Finlayson BL (2002) Variability of annual precipitation and its relationship to the El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation. J Climate 15:545\u2013551","journal-title":"J Climate"},{"key":"9282_CR32","unstructured":"Pereira LS, Cordery I, Iacovides I (2002) Coping with water scarcity, UNESCO IHP VI, technical documents in hydrology, no. 58. UNESCO, Paris"},{"key":"9282_CR33","first-page":"62","volume":"3","author":"T Raziei","year":"2007","unstructured":"Raziei T, Azizi G (2007) A precipitation based regionalization in western Iran using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Iran-Water Resour Res 3:62\u201365","journal-title":"Iran-Water Resour Res"},{"key":"9282_CR34","first-page":"559","volume-title":"Multivariate statistical inference and applications","author":"AC Rencher","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rencher AC (1998) Multivariate statistical inference and applications. Wiley, Hoboken, p 559"},{"key":"9282_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3370060305","volume":"6","author":"MB Richman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Richman MB (1986) Rotation of principal components. J Climatol 6:293\u2013335","journal-title":"J Climatol"},{"key":"9282_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1996)009<1043:QSOPR>2.0.CO;2","volume":"9","author":"CF Ropelewski","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ropelewski CF, Halpert MS (1996) Quantifying southern oscillation\u2013precipitation relationships. J Climate 9:1043\u20131059","journal-title":"J Climate"},{"key":"9282_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"S Soltani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Soltani S, Modarres R (2006) Classification of spatio-temporal pattern of rainfall in Iran using a hierarchical and divisive cluster analysis. J Spat Hydro 6:1\u201312","journal-title":"J Spat Hydro"},{"key":"9282_CR38","first-page":"325","volume-title":"Drought and drought mitigation in Europe, 161\u2013166","author":"S Szalai","year":"2000","unstructured":"Szalai S, Szinell C (2000) Comparison of two drought indices for drought monitoring in Hungary\u2014a case study. In: Vogt JV, Somma F (eds) Drought and drought mitigation in Europe, 161\u2013166. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 325"},{"key":"9282_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/B:WARM.0000015410.47014.a4","volume":"18","author":"G Tsakiris","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsakiris G, Vangelis H (2004) Towards a drought watch system based on spatial SPI. Water Resour Manag 18:1\u201312","journal-title":"Water Resour Manag"},{"key":"9282_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W12415","DOI":"10.1029\/2004WR003908","volume":"41","author":"SM Vicente-Serrano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vicente-Serrano SM (2005) El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a influence on droughts at different timescales in the Iberian Peninsula. Water Resour Res 41:W12415, doi: 10.1029\/2004WR003908","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"key":"9282_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3354\/cr026005","volume":"26","author":"SM Vicente-Serrano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vicente-Serrano SM, Gonz\u00e1lez-Hidalgo JC, De Luis M, Ravent\u00f3s J (2004) Drought patterns in the Mediterranean area: the Valencia region (eastern Spain). Clim Res 26:5\u201315","journal-title":"Clim Res"},{"key":"9282_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1029\/WR021i005p00715","volume":"21","author":"RM Vogel","year":"1985","unstructured":"Vogel RM, Stedinger JR (1985) Minimum variance streamflow record augmentation procedure. Water Resour Res 21:715\u2013723","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"key":"9282_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511612336","volume-title":"Statistical analysis in climate research","author":"H Storch von","year":"1999","unstructured":"von Storch H, Zwiers FW (1999) Statistical analysis in climate research. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 484"},{"key":"9282_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04116.x","volume":"33","author":"DA Wilhite","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wilhite DA (1997) Responding to drought: common threads from the past, visions for the future. J Am Water Resour Assoc 33:951\u2013959","journal-title":"J Am Water Resour Assoc"}],"container-title":["Water Resources Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11269-008-9282-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11269-008-9282-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11269-008-9282-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T08:28:04Z","timestamp":1559377684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11269-008-9282-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,19]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}},"alternative-id":["9282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11269-008-9282-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-4741","1573-1650"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-4741","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1650","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,19]]}}}