{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T22:00:07Z","timestamp":1776463207737,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]],"date-time":"2012-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water Resour Manage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-012-0114-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,7]],"date-time":"2012-08-07T12:56:04Z","timestamp":1344344164000},"page":"3947-3959","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Energy Production in Water Distribution Networks: A PAT Design Strategy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Armando","family":"Carravetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Del Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Oreste","family":"Fecarotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helena M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"114_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9496(1990)116:5(665)","volume":"116","author":"A Afshar","year":"1990","unstructured":"Afshar A, Jemaa F, Marino M (1990) Optimization of hydropower plant integration in water supply system. J Water Res Pl-ASCE 116(5):665\u2013675","journal-title":"J Water Res Pl-ASCE"},{"key":"114_CR2","unstructured":"Alatorre-Frenk C, Thomas T (1990) The pumps as turbines approach to small hydropower. In: World congress on renewable energy, Reading"},{"issue":"6","key":"114_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9496(2005)131:6(458)","volume":"131","author":"J Almandoz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Almandoz J, Cabrera E, Arregui F, Cabrera E, Cobacho R (2005) Leakage assessment through water distribution network simulation. J Water Res Pl-ASCE 131(6):458\u2013466","journal-title":"J Water Res Pl-ASCE"},{"issue":"1","key":"114_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-006-4635-3","volume":"20","author":"L Araujo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Araujo L, Ramos H, Coelho S (2006) Pressure control for leakage minimisation in water distribution systems management. Water Resour Manage 20(1):133\u2013149","journal-title":"Water Resour Manage"},{"key":"114_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2009.08.022","volume":"35","author":"M Arriaga","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arriaga M (2010) Pump as turbine\u2014a pico-hydro alternative in Lao people\u2019s democratic republic. Renew Energy 35:1109\u20131115","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"114_CR6","unstructured":"Carravetta A, Giugni M (2009) Functionality factors in the management and rehabilitation of water networks. In: Management of water networks, proc conf efficient management of water networks. Design and Rehabilitation Techniques, Franco Angeli Ed. Milano"},{"key":"114_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carravetta A, Fecarotta O, Ramos H (2011) Numerical simulation on pump as turbine: mesh reliability and performance concerns. In: IEEE (ed) international conference on clean electrical power. Ischia, Franco Angeli Ed. Milano","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCEP.2011.6036260"},{"key":"114_CR8","unstructured":"Chapallaz J, Eichenberger P, Fischer G (1992) Manual on pumps used as turbines. DeutschesZentru fur Entwicklungstechnologien, GATE, Eschborn"},{"issue":"10","key":"114_CR9","first-page":"173","volume":"41","author":"S Childs","year":"1962","unstructured":"Childs S (1962) Convert pumps to turbines and recover HP. Hydrocarbon Processing and Petroleum Refiner 41(10):173\u2013174","journal-title":"Hydrocarbon Processing and Petroleum Refiner"},{"key":"114_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2007.10.004","volume":"32","author":"S Derakhshan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Derakhshan S, Nourbakhsh A (2008a) Experimental study of characteristic curves of centrifugal pumps working as turbines in different specific speeds. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 32:800\u2013807","journal-title":"Exp Therm Fluid Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"114_CR11","first-page":"39","volume":"2","author":"O Fecarotta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fecarotta O, Carravetta A, Ramos H (2011) CFD and comparisons for a pump as turbine: mesh reliability and performance concerns. Int J Energy Environ 2(1):39\u201348","journal-title":"Int J Energy Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"114_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1243\/0957650041200632","volume":"218","author":"J Fernandez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fernandez J, Blanco E, Parrondo J, Stickland M, Scanlon T (2004) Performance of a centrifugal pump running in inverse mode. Proc Inst Mech Eng A J power energy 218(4):265\u2013271","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng A J power energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"114_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1076-0342(2004)10:3(119)","volume":"10","author":"Y Filion","year":"2004","unstructured":"Filion Y, MacLean H, Karney B (2004) Life cycle energy analysis of a water distribution system. J Infrastruct Syst 10(3):120\u2013130","journal-title":"J Infrastruct Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"114_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000179","volume":"138","author":"N Fontana","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fontana N, Giugni M, Portolano D (2012) Losses reduction and energy production in water-distribution networks. J Water Res Pl-ASCE 138(3):237\u2013244","journal-title":"J Water Res Pl-ASCE"},{"key":"114_CR14","unstructured":"Gantar M (1988) Propeller, pump running as turbines. In: Conference on hydraulic machinery"},{"key":"114_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-011-9809-y","volume":"25","author":"F Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves F, Costa L, Ramos H (2011) ANN for hybrid energy system evaluation: methodology and WSS case study. Water Resour Manage 25:2295\u20132317","journal-title":"Water Resour Manage"},{"key":"114_CR17","unstructured":"Grover K (1980) Conversion of pumps to turbines. In: GSA Inter corp. Katonah, New York"},{"key":"114_CR18","unstructured":"Hanckock J (1963) Centrifugal pump or water turbine. Pipe Line News, 25\u201327"},{"key":"114_CR19","author":"I Karadirek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karadirek I, Kara S, Yilmaz G, Muhammetoglu A, Muhammetoglu H (2011) Implementation of hydraulic modelling for water-loss reduction through pressure management. Water Resour Manage. doi: 10.1007\/s11269-012-0032-2","journal-title":"Water Resour Manage"},{"key":"114_CR20","unstructured":"Kerschberger P, Gehrer A (2010) Hydraulic development of high specific-speed Pump-turbines by means of an inverse design method, numerical flowsimulation (CFD) and model testing. In: 25th IAHR symposium on hydraulic machinery and systems. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol 12"},{"key":"114_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-008-9337-6","volume":"23","author":"S Liberatore","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liberatore s, Sechi G (2009) Location and calibration of valves in water distribution networks using a scatter-search meta-heuristic approach. Water Resour Manage 23:1479\u20131495","journal-title":"Water Resour Manage"},{"key":"114_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natanasabapathi S, Kshirsagar J (2004) Pump as turbine: an experience with CFX-5.6. In: Corporate research and engineering division. Pune, India, Kirloskar Bros. Ltd","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6128(04)00072-2"},{"key":"114_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3126\/hn.v6i0.4191","volume":"6","author":"H Nautiyal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nautiyal H, Varun, Kumar A (2010a) CFD analysis on pumps working as turbines. Hydro Nepal, vol 6, 35\u201337","journal-title":"Hydro Nepal"},{"key":"114_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.04.006","volume":"14","author":"H Nautiyal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nautiyal H, Varun, Kumar A (2010b) Reverse running pumps analytical, experimental and computational study: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:2059\u20132067","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"114_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-009-9454-x","volume":"24","author":"S Nazif","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nazif S, Karamouz M, Tabesh M, Moridi A (2011) Pressure management model for urban water distribution networks. Water Resour Manage 24:437\u2013458","journal-title":"Water Resour Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"114_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:1(56)","volume":"134","author":"S Prescott","year":"2008","unstructured":"Prescott S, Ulanicki B (2008) Improved control of pressure reducing valves in water distribution networks. J Hydraul Eng-ASCE 134(1):56\u201365","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng-ASCE"},{"issue":"4","key":"114_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/00221680109499847","volume":"39","author":"H Ramos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ramos H, Almeida A (2001) Dynamic orifice model on waterhammer analysis of high or medium heads of small hydropower plants. J Hydraul Res 39(4):429\u2013436","journal-title":"J Hydraul Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"114_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:7(689)","volume":"128","author":"H Ramos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ramos H, Almeida A (2002) Parametric analysis of water-hammer effects in small hydro schemes. J Hydraul Eng-ASCE 128(7):1\u20138","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng-ASCE"},{"key":"114_CR29","unstructured":"Ramos H (2000) Guidelines for design of small hydropower plants. WREAN and DED, Belfast, North Ireland"},{"key":"114_CR30","unstructured":"Ramos H, Covas D, Araujo L, Mello M (2005) Available energy assessment in water supply systems. In: XXXI IAHR congress. Seoul, Korea"},{"issue":"1","key":"114_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2010.720","volume":"10","author":"H Ramos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ramos H, Mello M, De P (2010) Clean power in water supply systems as a sustainable solution: from planning to practical implementation. Water Sci Technol 10(1):39\u201349","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"key":"114_CR32","unstructured":"Rodrigues A, Singh P, Williams A, Nestmann F, Lai E (2003) Hydraulic analysis of a pump as a turbine with CFD and experimental data. In: IMechE seminar computational fluid dynamics for fluid machinery"},{"key":"114_CR33","unstructured":"Schmiedl E (1988) Serien-Kreiselpumpentagung. Karlsruhe"},{"key":"114_CR34","unstructured":"Sharma K (1985) Small hydroelectric projects\u2014use of centrifugal pumps as turbines. In: Kirloskar Electric o. Bangalore, India"},{"issue":"2","key":"114_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2009.10.004","volume":"34","author":"P Singh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singh P, Nestmann F (2010) An optimization routine on a prediction and selection model for the turbine operation of centrifugal pumps. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 34(2):152\u2013164","journal-title":"Exp Therm Fluid Sci"},{"key":"114_CR36","volume-title":"Centrifugal and axial flow pumps","author":"A Stepanoff","year":"1957","unstructured":"Stepanoff A (1957) Centrifugal and axial flow pumps. John Wiley, New\u00a0York"},{"key":"114_CR37","first-page":"45","volume":"4","author":"P Suter","year":"1966","unstructured":"Suter P (1966) Representation of pump characteristics for calculation of water hammer. Sulzer Tech Rev 4:45\u201348","journal-title":"Sulzer Tech Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"114_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:3(277)","volume":"125","author":"T Tucciarelli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tucciarelli T, Criminisi A, Termini D (1999) Leak analysis in pipeline systems by means of optimal valve regulation. J Hydraul Eng-ASCE 125(3):277\u2013285","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng-ASCE"},{"issue":"11","key":"114_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1998)124:11(1146)","volume":"124","author":"K Vairavamoorthy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vairavamoorthy K, Lumbers J (1998) Leakage reduction in water distribution systems: optimal valve control. J Hydraul Eng-ASCE 124(11):1146\u20131154","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng-ASCE"},{"key":"114_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsky T, Bezts W, Posluzny E, Weir M, Withman B (2006) Modeling leakage reduction through pressure control. J Am Water Works Ass, pp 148\u2013155","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07642.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"114_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1243\/PIME_PROC_1994_208_009_02","volume":"208","author":"A Williams","year":"1994","unstructured":"Williams A (1994) The turbine performance of centrifugal pumps: a comparison of predictione methods. Proc Inst Mech Eng A J power energy 208(1):59\u201366","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng A J power energy"},{"key":"114_CR42","first-page":"7632","volume-title":"Fluid transient in systems","author":"E Wylie","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wylie E, Streeter V and Suo L (1993) Fluid transient in systems. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 7632"}],"container-title":["Water Resources Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11269-012-0114-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11269-012-0114-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11269-012-0114-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T12:10:22Z","timestamp":1562069422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11269-012-0114-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}},"alternative-id":["114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11269-012-0114-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-4741","1573-1650"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-4741","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1650","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]]}}}