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However, for many regions, information on loadings, emission factors and chemical profiles is lacking to accurately apply emission inventories and source apportionment models. In the present study, PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> samples were collected with an in situ road dust sampler from eleven representative streets of Bragan\u00e7a, an inland city of the Iberian Peninsula, and were analysed for organic and elemental carbon by a thermal-optical technique, elemental composition by ICP-MS and ICP-OES, and ecotoxicity by a luminescence inhibition bioassay with <jats:italic>Allivibrio fischeri<\/jats:italic>. A global emission factor of 5.36\u2009\u00b1\u20092.35\u00a0mg veh<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0km<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> was obtained but in suburban areas the values reached twice the average. Total carbon accounted for 14.9\u2009\u00b1\u20096.8% of the PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> mass, while element oxides represented the largest share (28.6\u2009\u00b1\u200918.7%). Very high enrichments were found for typical traffic-related elements such as Cu, Zn, S, Pb and Ni. The geochemical index I<jats:sub>geo<\/jats:sub> further confirmed that road dust of the study region is extremely contaminated by elements mainly originated from tyre and brake wear. Although the total non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with metal exposure were found to be low for both children and adults, the bioluminescence inhibition assay showed (eco)toxic responses for all samples, indicating that road dust resuspension may pose a significant human health and ecological threat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-024-07564-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:01:56Z","timestamp":1728950516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Emission Factors, Chemical Composition and Ecotoxicity of PM10 from Road Dust Resuspension in a Small Inland City"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"235","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2818-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yago Alonso","family":"Cipoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ismael Casotti","family":"Rienda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana M. 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