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The primary aim of this study was to establish a cost-effective marker toolkit for\n                    <jats:italic>P. abies<\/jats:italic>\n                    suitable for population genetics, provenance studies, and long-term monitoring. We employed a Genotyping by Amplicon Sequencing (GBAS) approach to investigate sequence-level variation in Norway spruce, using 124 highly multiplexed markers, comprising 43 novel genomic SSRs, 33 elongated established SSRs, and 48 Exon-Primed Intron-Crossing (EPIC) markers. As a proof of concept, the markers were applied to 85 individuals from five Austrian populations. Genotyping was performed using the GBAS pipeline, enabling the extraction of both traditional length-based genotypes and whole amplicon information. Diversity metrics and clustering analyses revealed spatial genetic structure among populations, reflecting neutral demographic processes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11295-026-01731-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T07:41:29Z","timestamp":1770882089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A GBAS marker system for assessing genetic diversity and population differentiation in Norway Spruce"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Thapasya","family":"Vijayan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Curto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bernhard E.","family":"Splechtna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Sonnenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Meimberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1731_CR1","volume-title":"Conservation and genetics of populations","author":"F Allendorf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Allendorf F, Luikart G (2007) Conservation and genetics of populations. 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