{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T21:49:34Z","timestamp":1774129774950,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04521\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04521\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005765","name":"Universidade de Lisboa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Manag Rev Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This study presents new insights into the capabilities that a leader needs to thrive in the digital scenario. These insights come from a systematic literature review of 21-years of publications on leadership in the digital environment that supports a four-round Delphi study with a panel of 24 experts from diverse geographical backgrounds (six countries across 3 continents). The e-leadership concept has evolved to digital leadership by transitioning from an electronic way of communication to a broader context of how to lead effectively in a digital environment. Digital leadership is a way of thinking and behaving in a complex time. The findings show that digital leadership has two main aspects within four dimensions: the first aspect is related to business, and it is strategy focused and delivery related; the second one involves personal attributes, and it is interpersonal oriented. Moreover, we identify the associated leadership capabilities for each of these aspects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11301-023-00395-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T17:01:58Z","timestamp":1704474118000},"page":"789-836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The digital leadership emerging construct: a multi-method approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5270-2165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Bethlem","family":"Tigre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7869-7619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Lopes","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2608-8982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Curado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"395_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/08956308.2022.2095168","volume":"65","author":"H Abbu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abbu H, Mugge P, Gudergan G (2022) Successful digital leadership requires building trust: for companies to excel in the new, rapidly changing innovation environment, their leaders must focus on trust. Res Technol Manag 65:29\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08956308.2022.2095168","journal-title":"Res Technol Manag"},{"key":"395_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/107769909507200204","volume":"72","author":"CR Ader","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ader CR (1995) A longitudinal study of agenda setting for the issue of environmental pollution. J Mass Commun Q 72:300\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107769909507200204","journal-title":"J Mass Commun Q"},{"key":"395_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-8583.12148","volume":"23","author":"P Agarwal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agarwal P, Resource H, Area M et al (2017) High-performance work systems and creativity implementation: the role of psychological capital and psychological safety. Hum Resour Manag J 23:440\u2013458","journal-title":"Hum Resour Manag J"},{"key":"395_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aggarwal S, Kumar A (2022) Dealing with a new normal \u2018E-leadership\u2019: a study using bibliometric analysis and content analysis. Vision 0:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09722629221130592","DOI":"10.1177\/09722629221130592"},{"key":"395_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.399","volume":"229","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmad S, Wong KY (2019) Development of weighted triple-bottom line sustainability indicators for the Malaysian food manufacturing industry using the Delphi method. J Clean Prod 229:1167\u20131182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.399","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"395_CR6","first-page":"160","volume":"7","author":"AB Anoye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anoye AB, Kouam\u00e9 JS (2018) Leadership challenges in virtual team environment. Int J Sci Technol Res 7:160\u2013167","journal-title":"Int J Sci Technol Res"},{"key":"395_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-2616(02)00133-X","volume":"31","author":"BJ Avolio","year":"2003","unstructured":"Avolio BJ, Kahai SS (2003) Adding the \u201ce\u201d to e-leadership: How it may impact your leadership. Organ Dyn 31:325\u2013338","journal-title":"Organ Dyn"},{"key":"395_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(00)00062-X","volume":"11","author":"BJ Avolio","year":"2000","unstructured":"Avolio BJ, Kahai S, Dodge GE (2000) E-leadership: implications for theory, research, and practice. Leadersh Q 11:615\u2013668","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"key":"395_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2013.11.003","volume":"25","author":"BJ Avolio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Avolio BJ, Sosik JJ, Kahai SS, Baker B (2014) E-leadership: re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission. Leadersh Q 25:105\u2013131","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"key":"395_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1504\/EG.2004.004135","volume":"1","author":"P Banerjee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Banerjee P, Chau PYK (2004) An evaluative framework for analysing e-government convergence capability in developing countries. Electron Gov 1:29\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/EG.2004.004135","journal-title":"Electron Gov"},{"key":"395_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2022.101634","volume":"33","author":"GC Banks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Banks GC, Dionne SD, Mast MS, Sayama H (2022) Leadership in the digital era: a review of who, what, when, where, and why. Leadersh Q 33:101634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leaqua.2022.101634","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"key":"395_CR12","unstructured":"Bardin L (2011) An\u00e1lise de Conte\u00fado. Edi\u00e7\u00f5es 70, S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"395_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120484","volume":"163","author":"M Barrios","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barrios M, Guilera G, Nu\u00f1o L, G\u00f3mez-Benito J (2021) Consensus in the delphi method: What makes a decision change? Technol Forecast Soc Change 163:1\u201310","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Change"},{"key":"395_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-018-1960-x","volume":"142","author":"A Bec","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bec A, Moyle CJ, Moyle BD (2019) Community resilience to change: development of an index. Soc Indic Res 142:1103\u20131128","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"395_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.22215\/timreview\/1212","volume":"9","author":"M Belitski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Belitski M, Liversage B (2019) E-Leadership in small and medium-sized enterprises in the developing world. Technol Innov Manag Rev 9:64\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22215\/timreview\/1212","journal-title":"Technol Innov Manag Rev"},{"key":"395_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1108\/EJIM-02-2022-0093","volume":"25","author":"P Bellis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bellis P, Trabucchi D, Buganza T, Verganti R (2022) How do human relationships change in the digital environment after COVID-19 pandemic? The road towards agility. Eur J Innov Manag 25:821\u2013849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/EJIM-02-2022-0093","journal-title":"Eur J Innov Manag"},{"key":"395_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2022.103590","volume":"59","author":"J Benitez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benitez J, Arenas A, Castillo A, Esteves J (2022) Impact of digital leadership capability on innovation performance: the role of platform digitization capability. Inf Manag 59:103590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2022.103590","journal-title":"Inf Manag"},{"key":"395_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120988","volume":"260","author":"Y Bhatt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhatt Y, Ghuman K, Dhir A (2020) Sustainable manufacturing. Bibliometrics and content analysis. J Clean Prod 260:120988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120988","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"395_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.130007","volume":"331","author":"A Bhuyan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhuyan A, Tripathy A, Padhy RK, Gautam A (2022) Evaluating the lithium-ion battery recycling industry in an emerging economy: a multi-stakeholder and multi-criteria decision-making approach. J Clean Prod 331:130007","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"395_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1177\/1056492616638173","volume":"25","author":"R Bolden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bolden R, Regan NO (2016) Digital disruption and the future of leadership: an interview with Rick Haythornthwaite, chairman of Centrica and MasterCard. J Manag Inq 25:438\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1056492616638173","journal-title":"J Manag Inq"},{"key":"395_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/13636829900200094","volume":"51","author":"A Bolton","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bolton A, Brown RB, McCartney S (1999) The capacity spiral: four weddings and a funeral. J Vocat Educ Train 51:585\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13636829900200094","journal-title":"J Vocat Educ Train"},{"key":"395_CR22","first-page":"4356","volume":"29","author":"T Bolukbasi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bolukbasi T, Chang KW, Zou J et al (2016) Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? Debiasing word embeddings. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 29:4356\u20134364","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"395_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160940691562138","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406915621381","volume":"14","author":"SR Brady","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brady SR (2015) Utilizing and adapting the Delphi method for use in qualitative research. Int J Q Methods 14:160940691562138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1609406915621381","journal-title":"Int J Q Methods"},{"key":"395_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/2329488415597516","volume":"56","author":"S Braun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braun S, Bark AH, Kirchner A et al (2019) Emails from the boss\u2014curse or blessing? Relations between communication channels, leader evaluation, and employees\u2019 attitudes. Int J Bus Commun 56:50\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2329488415597516","journal-title":"Int J Bus Commun"},{"key":"395_CR25","volume-title":"Business research methods","author":"A Bryman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bryman A, Bell E (2011) Business research methods, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, New York","edition":"3"},{"key":"395_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2007.10.006","volume":"68","author":"NR Buchan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buchan NR, Croson RTA, Solnick S (2008) Trust and gender: an examination of behavior and beliefs in the Investment Game. J Econ Behav Organ 68:466\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jebo.2007.10.006","journal-title":"J Econ Behav Organ"},{"key":"395_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124113500475","volume":"42","author":"JL Campbell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Campbell JL, Quincy C, Osserman J, Pedersen OK (2013) Coding in-depth semistructured interviews: problems of unitization and intercoder reliability and agreement. Sociol Methods Res 42:294\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0049124113500475","journal-title":"Sociol Methods Res"},{"key":"395_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-2616(02)00130-4","volume":"31","author":"WF Cascio","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cascio WF, Shurygailo S (2003) E-Leadership and virtual teams. Organ Dyn 31:362\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0090-2616(02)00130-4","journal-title":"Organ Dyn"},{"key":"395_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2017.03.020","volume":"188","author":"MH Chowdhury","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chowdhury MH, Quaddus M (2017) Supply chain resilience: conceptualization and scale development using dynamic capability theory. Int J Prod Econ 188:185\u2013204","journal-title":"Int J Prod Econ"},{"key":"395_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1108\/00483480710726136","volume":"36","author":"BJC Claessens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Claessens BJC, Van EW, Rutte CG, Roe RA (2007) A review of the time management literature. Pers Rev 36:255\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00483480710726136","journal-title":"Pers Rev"},{"key":"395_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2189\/asqu.2010.55.3.397","volume":"55","author":"SM Clark","year":"2010","unstructured":"Clark SM, Gioia DA, Ketchen DJ, Thomas JB (2010) Transitional identity as a facilitator of organizational identity change during a merger. Adm Sci Q 55:397\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2189\/asqu.2010.55.3.397","journal-title":"Adm Sci Q"},{"key":"395_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/0144341970170401","volume":"17","author":"MJ Clayton","year":"1997","unstructured":"Clayton MJ (1997) Delphi: a technique to harness expert opinion for critical decision-making tasks in education. Educ Psychol 17:373\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144341970170401","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"395_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21525","volume":"62","author":"MJ Cobo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cobo MJ, L\u00f3pez-Herrera AG, Herrera-Viedma E, Herrera F (2011) Science mapping software tools: review, analysis, and cooperative study among tools. J Am Soc Inf Sci Technol 62:1382\u20131042","journal-title":"J Am Soc Inf Sci Technol"},{"key":"395_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2016.4003","volume":"59","author":"AE Colbert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Colbert AE, Yee N, George G (2016) The digital workforce and the workplace of the future. Acad Manag J 59:731\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amj.2016.4003","journal-title":"Acad Manag J"},{"key":"395_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590271","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.590271","volume":"11","author":"F Contreras","year":"2020","unstructured":"Contreras F, Baykal E, Abid G (2020) E-leadership and teleworking in times of COVID-19 and beyond: What we know and where do we go. Front Psychol 11:590271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.590271","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"395_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2009.04.002","volume":"38","author":"J Cordery","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cordery J, Soo C, Kirman B et al (2009) Leading parallel global virtual teams: lessons from Alcoa. Organ Dyn 38:204\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2009.04.002","journal-title":"Organ Dyn"},{"key":"395_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2307\/4131471","volume":"49","author":"KG Corley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Corley KG, Gioia DA (2004) Identity ambiguity and change in the wake of a corporate spin-off. Adm Sci Q 49:173\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/4131471","journal-title":"Adm Sci Q"},{"key":"395_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01938","volume":"10","author":"L Cortellazzo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cortellazzo L, Bruni E, Zampieri R (2019) The role of leadership in a digitalized world: a review. Front Psychol 10:1938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01938","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"395_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428120935507","volume":"26","author":"MA Cronin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cronin MA, George E (2023) The why and how of the integrative review. Organ Res Methods 26:168\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094428120935507","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"395_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.1605","volume":"26","author":"C Curado","year":"2019","unstructured":"Curado C, Oliveira M, Antunes M (2019) Organizational ambidexterity and customer relationship management: a cycle of virtue. Knowl Process Manag 26:229\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/kpm.1605","journal-title":"Knowl Process Manag"},{"key":"395_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1625(79)90007-6","volume":"13","author":"JS Dajani","year":"1979","unstructured":"Dajani JS, Sincoff MZ, Talley WK (1979) Stability and agreement criteria for the termination of Delphi studies. Technol Forecast Soc Change 13:83\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0040-1625(79)90007-6","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Change"},{"key":"395_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/2329488416685068","volume":"57","author":"E Darics","year":"2020","unstructured":"Darics E (2020) E-leadership or \u201c How to be boss in instant messaging\u202f?\u201d The role of nonverbal communication. Int J Bus Commun 57:3\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2329488416685068","journal-title":"Int J Bus Commun"},{"key":"395_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.049","volume":"228","author":"A de Jesus","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Jesus A, Antunes P, Santos R, Mendon\u00e7a S (2019) Eco-innovation pathways to a circular economy: envisioning priorities through a Delphi approach. J Clean Prod 228:1494\u20131513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.049","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"395_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2019.09.104","volume":"158","author":"KA Demir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Demir KA, D\u00f6ven G, Sezen B (2019) Industry 5.0 and human-robot co-working. Proced Comput Sci 158:688\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2019.09.104","journal-title":"Proced Comput Sci"},{"key":"395_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.021","volume":"98","author":"R Dewar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dewar R, Hons B, Claus AP, Tucker K (2017) Perspectives on postural control dysfunction to inform future research: a Delphi study for children with cerebral palsy. Arch Psysical Med Rehabil 98:463\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.021","journal-title":"Arch Psysical Med Rehabil"},{"key":"395_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002","volume":"67","author":"IR Diamond","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diamond IR, Grant RC, Feldman BM et al (2014) Defining consensus: a systematic review recommends methodologic criteria for reporting of Delphi studies. J Clin Epidemiol 67:401\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"395_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2022.102791","volume":"162","author":"N Dozio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dozio N, Marcolin F, Scurati GW et al (2022) A design methodology for affective Virtual Reality. Int J Hum Comput Stud 162:102791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2022.102791","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"395_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428106289252","volume":"10","author":"VJ Duriau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duriau VJ, Reger RK, Pfarrer MD (2007) A content analysis of the content analysis literature in organization studies: research themes, data sources, and methodological refinements. Organ Res Methods 10:5\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094428106289252","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"395_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642","volume":"71","author":"YK Dwivedi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dwivedi YK, Kshetri N, Hughes L et al (2023) \u201cSo what if ChatGPT wrote it\u202f?\u201d Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy. Int J Inf Manage 71:102642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642","journal-title":"Int J Inf Manage"},{"key":"395_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2307\/2666999","volume":"44","author":"A Edmondson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Edmondson A (1999) Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Adm Sci Q 44:350\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2666999","journal-title":"Adm Sci Q"},{"key":"395_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091305","volume":"1","author":"AC Edmondson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Edmondson AC, Lei Z (2014) Psychological safety: the history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct. Annu Rev Organ Psychol Organ Behav 1:23\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091305","journal-title":"Annu Rev Organ Psychol Organ Behav"},{"key":"395_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1207\/s15389286ajde1902_3","volume":"21","author":"TM Egan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Egan TM, Akdere M (2005) Clarifying distance education roles and competencies: exploring similarities and differences between professional and student-practitioner perspectives. Int J Phytoremed 21:87\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15389286ajde1902_3","journal-title":"Int J Phytoremed"},{"key":"395_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrt.2023.100060","volume":"13","author":"DO Eke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eke DO (2023) ChatGPT and the rise of generative AI\u202f: Threat to academic integrity\u202f? J Responsible Technol 13:100060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrt.2023.100060","journal-title":"J Responsible Technol"},{"key":"395_CR54","first-page":"141","volume":"15","author":"OA El Sawy","year":"2016","unstructured":"El Sawy OA, Amsinck H, Kraemmergaard P, Vinther AL (2016) How LEGO built the foundations and enterprise capabilities for digital leadership. MIS Q Exec 15:141\u2013166","journal-title":"MIS Q Exec"},{"key":"395_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.21533\/pen.v10i1.2237","volume":"6","author":"MLWW Elidjen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elidjen MLWW, Rukmana RAN (2019) Intervening role of innovation management on relationship between digital leadership and dynamic capability accelerated by collaboration. Int J Innov Creat Chang 6:249\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21533\/pen.v10i1.2237","journal-title":"Int J Innov Creat Chang"},{"key":"395_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/105960118601100110","volume":"11","author":"RC Erffmeyer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Erffmeyer RC, Erffmeyer ES, Lane IM (1986) The Delphi Technique: an empirical evaluation of the optimal number of rounds. Gr Organ Manag 11:120\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/105960118601100110","journal-title":"Gr Organ Manag"},{"key":"395_CR01","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erhan T, Uzunbacak HH, Aydin E (2022) From conventional to digital leadership: exploring digitalization of leadership and innovative work behavior. Manag Res Rev 45:1524\u20131543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/MRR-05-2021-0338","DOI":"10.1108\/MRR-05-2021-0338"},{"key":"395_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.19030\/jabr.v31i5.9384","volume":"31","author":"DB Fernandez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fernandez DB, Jawadi N (2015) Virtual R&D project teams: from e-leadership to performance. J Appl Bus Res 31:1693\u20131709","journal-title":"J Appl Bus Res"},{"key":"395_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794113481790","volume":"14","author":"D Finfgeld-Connett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Finfgeld-Connett D (2014) Use of content analysis to conduct knowledge-building and theory-generating qualitative systematic reviews. Q Res 14:341\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1468794113481790","journal-title":"Q Res"},{"key":"395_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1054\/nedt.2001.0589","volume":"21","author":"M Fisher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fisher M, King J, Tague G (2001) Development of a self-directed learning readiness scale for nursing education. Nurse Educ Today 21:516\u2013525","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"395_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2016.04.015","volume":"60","author":"T Foth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Foth T, Efstathiou N, Vanderspank-Wright B et al (2016) The use of Delphi and nominal group technique in nursing education: a review. Int J Nurs Stud 60:112\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2016.04.015","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"395_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-4748(00)00029-1","volume":"17","author":"SW Fowler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fowler SW, King AW, Marsh SJ, Victor B (2000) Beyond products: new strategic imperatives for developing competencies in dynamic environments. J Eng Technol Manag JET-M 17:357\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0923-4748(00)00029-1","journal-title":"J Eng Technol Manag JET-M"},{"key":"395_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348019862030","volume":"43","author":"M Galvagno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galvagno M, Giaccone SC (2019) Mapping creative tourism research: reviewing the field and outlining future directions. J Hosp Tour Res 43:1256\u20131280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1096348019862030","journal-title":"J Hosp Tour Res"},{"key":"395_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2189\/asqu.2010.55.1.1","volume":"55","author":"DA Gioia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gioia DA, Price KN, Hamilton AL, Thomas JB (2010) Forging an identity: an insider-outsider study of processes involved in the formation of organizational identity. Adm Sci Q 55:1\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2189\/asqu.2010.55.1.1","journal-title":"Adm Sci Q"},{"key":"395_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428112452151","volume":"16","author":"DA Gioia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gioia DA, Corley KG, Hamilton AL (2012) Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: notes on the Gioia methodology. Organ Res Methods 16:15\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094428112452151","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"395_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428112452151","volume":"16","author":"DA Gioia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gioia DA, Corley KG, Hamilton AL (2013) Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: notes on the Gioia methodology. Organ Res Methods 16:15\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094428112452151","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"395_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-015-9499-5","volume":"38","author":"L Giromini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giromini L, De Campora G, Brusadelli E et al (2016) Validity and reliability of the interpersonal competence questionnaire: empirical evidence from an Italian study. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 38:113\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-015-9499-5","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"key":"395_CR67","volume-title":"The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research","author":"BG Glaser","year":"1967","unstructured":"Glaser BG, Strauss AL (1967) The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. Aldine, Chicago, IL"},{"key":"395_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.17705\/2msqe.00017","volume":"18","author":"V Gurbaxani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gurbaxani V, Dunkle D (2019) Gearing up for successful digital transformation. MIS Q Exec 18:209\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/2msqe.00017","journal-title":"MIS Q Exec"},{"key":"395_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.28991\/esj-2021-SPER-03","volume":"5","author":"TN Hai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hai TN, Van QN, Tuyet MNT (2021) Digital transformation: opportunities and challenges for leaders in the emerging countries in response to covid-19 pandemic. Emerg Sci J 5:21\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28991\/esj-2021-SPER-03","journal-title":"Emerg Sci J"},{"key":"395_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1108\/mscra-06-2019-0014","volume":"2","author":"A Haleem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haleem A, Khan MI, Khan S, Jami AR (2020) Research status in Halal: a review and bibliometric analysis. Mod Supply Chain Res Appl 2:23\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/mscra-06-2019-0014","journal-title":"Mod Supply Chain Res Appl"},{"key":"395_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13731-018-0086-3","volume":"7","author":"N Hanna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hanna N (2018) A role for the state in the digital age. J Innov Entrep 7:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13731-018-0086-3","journal-title":"J Innov Entrep"},{"key":"395_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.14704\/WEB\/V18SI05\/WEB18275","volume":"18","author":"MN Harbani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harbani MN, Judiarni JA (2021) Digital leadership in facing challenges in the era industrial revolution 4.0. Webology 18:975\u2013990","journal-title":"Webology"},{"key":"395_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2012.0343","volume":"57","author":"SH Harrison","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harrison SH, Rouse ED (2014) Let\u2019s dance! Elastic coordination in creative group work: a qualitative study of modern dancers. Acad Manag J 57:1256\u20131283","journal-title":"Acad Manag J"},{"key":"395_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/NCN.0b013e3181f69d89","volume":"28","author":"MD Hart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hart MD (2010) A Delphi study to determine baseline informatics competencies for nurse managers. CIN - Comput Informatics Nurs 28:364\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NCN.0b013e3181f69d89","journal-title":"CIN - Comput Informatics Nurs"},{"key":"395_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x","volume":"32","author":"F Hasson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hasson F, Keeney S, McKenna H (2000) Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. J Adv Nurs 32:1008\u20131015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"395_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1037\/cpb0000171","volume":"72","author":"TL Hayes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hayes TL, Oltman KA, Kaylor LE, Belgudri A (2020) How leaders can become more committed to diversity management. Consult Psychol J 72:247\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cpb0000171","journal-title":"Consult Psychol J"},{"key":"395_CR78","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"CC Hsu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hsu CC, Sandford BA (2007) The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus. Pract Assessment, Res Eval 12:1\u20138","journal-title":"Pract Assessment, Res Eval"},{"key":"395_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.5267\/j.msl.2019.1.008","volume":"9","author":"MN \u0130nel","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u0130nel MN (2019) An empirical study on measurement of efficiency of digital transformation by using data envelopment analysis. Manag Sci Lett 9:549\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5267\/j.msl.2019.1.008","journal-title":"Manag Sci Lett"},{"key":"395_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(97)90028-X","volume":"8","author":"GS Insch","year":"1997","unstructured":"Insch GS, Moore JE, Murphy LD (1997) Content analysis in leadership research: examples, procedures, and suggestions for future use. Leadersh Q 8:1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1048-9843(97)90028-X","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"key":"395_CR81","first-page":"293","volume":"19","author":"U J\u00e4ckli","year":"2020","unstructured":"J\u00e4ckli U, Meier C (2020) Leadership in the digital age: its dimensions and actual state in Swiss companies. Int J Manag Enterp Dev 19:293\u2013312","journal-title":"Int J Manag Enterp Dev"},{"key":"395_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2020.11.008","volume":"64","author":"NC Jackson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jackson NC, Dunn-Jensen LM (2021) Leadership succession planning for today\u2019s digital transformation economy: key factors to build for competency and innovation. Bus Horiz 64:273\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bushor.2020.11.008","journal-title":"Bus Horiz"},{"key":"395_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/1553118X.2016.1226842","volume":"11","author":"H Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang H, Luo Y, Kulemeka O (2017) Strategic social media use in public relations: professionals\u2019 perceived social media impact, leadership behaviors, and work-life conflict. Int J Strateg Commun 11:18\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1553118X.2016.1226842","journal-title":"Int J Strateg Commun"},{"key":"395_CR85","first-page":"34","volume":"60","author":"GC Kane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kane GC, Phillips AN, Copulsky J, Andrus G (2019) How digital leadership is(n\u2019t) different. MIT Sloan Manag Rev 60:34\u201339","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Manag Rev"},{"key":"395_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-016-2096-x","volume":"109","author":"H Keathley-Herring","year":"2016","unstructured":"Keathley-Herring H, Van Aken E, Gonzalez-Aleu F et al (2016) Assessing the maturity of a research area: bibliometric review and proposed framework. Scientometrics 109:927\u2013951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-016-2096-x","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"395_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11301-021-00227-8","volume":"72","author":"L Kessel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kessel L, Graf-Vlachy L (2021) Chief digital officers: the state of the art and the road ahead. Manag Rev Q 72:1249\u20131286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11301-021-00227-8","journal-title":"Manag Rev Q"},{"key":"395_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-2616(01)00047-X","volume":"30","author":"GD Kissler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kissler GD (2001) E-Leader Organ Dyn 30:121\u2013133","journal-title":"E-Leader Organ Dyn"},{"key":"395_CR02","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Komp R, Kauffeld S, Ianiro-Dahm P (2022) The concept of health-promoting collaboration\u2014a starting point to reduce presenteeism? Front Psychol 12:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.782597","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.782597"},{"key":"395_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s11365-020-00635-4","volume":"16","author":"S Kraus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kraus S, Breier M, Das\u00ed-Rodr\u00edguez S (2020) The art of crafting a systematic literature review in entrepreneurship research. Int Entrep Manag J 16:1023\u20131042","journal-title":"Int Entrep Manag J"},{"key":"395_CR90","volume-title":"Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology","author":"K Krippendorff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krippendorff K (2004) Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology, 2nd edn. Sage Publications Inc, Thousand Oaks","edition":"2"},{"key":"395_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2019.101377","volume":"31","author":"L Larson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Larson L, DeChurch LA (2020) Leading teams in the digital age: four perspectives on technology and what they mean for leading teams. Leadersh Q 31:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leaqua.2019.101377","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"key":"395_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/14697017.2015.1021271","volume":"15","author":"P Lawrence","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lawrence P (2015) Leading change \u2013 insights into how leaders actually approach the challenge of complexity. J Chang Manag 15:231\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14697017.2015.1021271","journal-title":"J Chang Manag"},{"key":"395_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-07-2013-0090","volume":"36","author":"S Leduc","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leduc S, Guilbert L, Vallery G (2015) Impact of ICTs on leadership practices: representations and actions. Leadersh Organ Dev J 36:380\u2013395","journal-title":"Leadersh Organ Dev J"},{"key":"395_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2008.05.012","volume":"27","author":"MR Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee MR (2009) E-ethical leadership for virtual project teams. Int J Proj Manag 27:456\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijproman.2008.05.012","journal-title":"Int J Proj Manag"},{"key":"395_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1057\/jit.2016.10","volume":"31","author":"W Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li W, Liu K, Belitski M et al (2016) E-leadership through strategic alignment: an empirical study of small -an medium- sized enterprises in the digital age. J Inf Technol 31:185\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/jit.2016.10","journal-title":"J Inf Technol"},{"key":"395_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2010.09.011","volume":"78","author":"HA Linstone","year":"2011","unstructured":"Linstone HA, Turoff M (2011) Delphi: a brief look backward and forward. Technol Forecast Soc Change 78:1712\u20131719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2010.09.011","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Change"},{"key":"395_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1108\/BIJ-08-2016-0124","volume":"25","author":"NS Maduka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maduka NS, Edwards H, David G et al (2018) Analysis of competencies for effective virtual team leadership in building successful organisations. Benchmarking an Int J 25:696\u2013712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/BIJ-08-2016-0124","journal-title":"Benchmarking an Int J"},{"key":"395_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-07072017001110017","volume":"26","author":"A Massaroli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Massaroli A, Martini JG, Lino MM et al (2017) The Delphi method as a methodological framework for research in nursing. Texto e Context Enferm 26:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0104-07072017001110017","journal-title":"Texto e Context Enferm"},{"key":"395_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1108\/JBS-12-2017-0187","volume":"39","author":"K Matzler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matzler K, von den Eichen SF, Anschober M, Kohler T (2018) The crusade of digital disruption. J Bus Strategy 39:13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JBS-12-2017-0187","journal-title":"J Bus Strategy"},{"key":"395_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5177(00)00067-4","volume":"22","author":"G Miller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miller G (2001) The development of indicators for sustainable tourism: results of a Delphi survey of tourism researchers. Tour Manag 22:351\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0261-5177(00)00067-4","journal-title":"Tour Manag"},{"key":"395_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2008.0352","volume":"55","author":"R Nag","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nag R, Gioia DA (2012) From common to uncommon knowledge: foundations of firm-specific use of knowledge as a resource. Acad Manag J 55:421\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amj.2008.0352","journal-title":"Acad Manag J"},{"key":"395_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164371","volume":"11","author":"S Nahavandi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nahavandi S (2019) Industry 5.0 - a human-centric solution. Sustainability 11:43\u201371","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"395_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/23753234.2016.1181307","volume":"1","author":"J Narbona","year":"2016","unstructured":"Narbona J (2016) Digital leadership, Twitter and Pope Francis. Church, Commun Cult 1:90\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23753234.2016.1181307","journal-title":"Church, Commun Cult"},{"key":"395_CR104","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"N Nawaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nawaz N, Gomes AM (2019) Artificial intelligence chatbots are new recruiters. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 10:1\u20135","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"key":"395_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2022.101631","volume":"36","author":"P Nieken","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nieken P (2022) Charisma in the gig economy: the impact of digital leadership and communication channels on performance. Leadersh Q 36:101631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leaqua.2022.101631","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"key":"395_CR03","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Niu SJ, Park B Il, Jung JS (2022) The effects of digital leadership and ESG management on organizational innovation and sustainability. Sustainability 14:15639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su142315639","DOI":"10.3390\/su142315639"},{"key":"395_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1068\/a39267","volume":"40","author":"N Novakowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Novakowski N, Wellar B (2008) Using the Delphi technique in normative planning research: methodological design considerations. Environ Plan A 40:1485\u20131500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/a39267","journal-title":"Environ Plan A"},{"key":"395_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2008.10.005","volume":"38","author":"A Oke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oke A, Munshi N, Walumbwa FO (2009) The influence of leadership on innovation processes and activities. Organ Dyn 38:64\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2008.10.005","journal-title":"Organ Dyn"},{"key":"395_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2003.11.002","volume":"42","author":"C Okoli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Okoli C, Pawlowski SD (2004) The Delphi method as a research tool: an example, design considerations and applications. Inf Manag 42:15\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2003.11.002","journal-title":"Inf Manag"},{"key":"395_CR109","first-page":"57","volume":"36","author":"K Orndoff","year":"2002","unstructured":"Orndoff K (2002) Developing strategic competencies: a starting point. Inf Manag J 36:57\u201362","journal-title":"Inf Manag J"},{"key":"395_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(02)00154-6","volume":"13","author":"RN Osborn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Osborn RN, Hunt JG, Jauch LR (2002) Toward a contextual theory of leadership. Leadersh Q 13:797\u2013837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1048-9843(02)00154-6","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"key":"395_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1120.0795","volume":"24","author":"BP Owens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Owens BP, Johnson MD, Mitchell TR (2013) Expressed humility in organizations: implications for performance, teams, and leadership. Organ Sci 24:1517\u20131538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/orsc.1120.0795","journal-title":"Organ Sci"},{"key":"395_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.09.069","volume":"131","author":"M Palmaccio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palmaccio M, Dicuonzo G, Belyaeva ZS (2021) The internet of things and corporate business models: a systematic literature review. J Bus Res 131:610\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.09.069","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"key":"395_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11294-010-9288-6","volume":"17","author":"E Papaoikonomou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Papaoikonomou E, Ryan G, Ginieis M (2011) Towards a holistic approach of the attitude behaviour gap in ethical consumerbBehaviours: empirical evidence from Spain. Int Adv Econ Res 17:77\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11294-010-9288-6","journal-title":"Int Adv Econ Res"},{"key":"395_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2013.03.003","volume":"50","author":"G Par\u00e9","year":"2013","unstructured":"Par\u00e9 G, Cameron AF, Poba-Nzaou P, Templier M (2013) A systematic assessment of rigor in information systems ranking-type Delphi studies. Inf Manag 50:207\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2013.03.003","journal-title":"Inf Manag"},{"key":"395_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2013.11.006","volume":"25","author":"K Parry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parry K, Mumford MD, Bower I, Watts LL (2014) Qualitative and historiometric methods in leadership research: a review of the first 25\u00a0years of The Leadership Quarterly. Leadersh Q 25:132\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leaqua.2013.11.006","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"key":"395_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2022.01.301","volume":"200","author":"Y Peifer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peifer Y, Jeske T, Hille S (2022) Artificial intelligence and its impact on leaders and leadership. Proced Comput Sci 200:1024\u20131030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2022.01.301","journal-title":"Proced Comput Sci"},{"key":"395_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2096608321989835","author":"B Peng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng B (2021) Digital leadership: state governance in the era of digital technology. Cult Sci Adv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2096608321989835","journal-title":"Cult Sci Adv"},{"key":"395_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/00909889909365539","volume":"27","author":"WJ Potter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Potter WJ, Levine-Donnerstein D (1999) Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis. J Appl Commun Res 27:258\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00909889909365539","journal-title":"J Appl Commun Res"},{"key":"395_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1177\/009365087014006003","volume":"14","author":"WJ Potter","year":"1987","unstructured":"Potter WJ, Ware W (1987) An analysis of the contexts of antisocial acts on prime-time television. Commun Res 14:664\u2013686","journal-title":"Commun Res"},{"key":"395_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02537.x","volume":"41","author":"C Powell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Powell C (2003) The Delphi technique: myths and realities. J Adv Nurs 41:376\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02537.x","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"395_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1108\/00197850110405379","volume":"33","author":"ML Pulley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pulley ML, Sessa VI (2001) E-leadership: tackling complex challenges. Ind Commer Train 33:225\u2013230","journal-title":"Ind Commer Train"},{"key":"395_CR122","first-page":"34","volume":"56","author":"ML Pulley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pulley ML, Sessa V, Malloy M (2002) E-leadership: a two-pronged idea. T + D 56:34\u201347","journal-title":"T + D"},{"key":"395_CR123","unstructured":"Reis J, Amorim M, Melao N, Matos P (2016) Digital Transformation: a literature review and guidelines for future digital transformation. In: 10th European conference on information systems management. Academic Conferences and publishing limited. pp 20\u201328"},{"key":"395_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.12980","volume":"79","author":"AV Roman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roman AV, Van Wart M, Wang X et al (2019) Defining e-leadership as competence in ICT-mediated communications: an exploratory assessment. Public Adm Rev 79:853\u2013866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/puar.12980","journal-title":"Public Adm Rev"},{"key":"395_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1300\/J399v03n03_02","volume":"3","author":"S Rubino-Hallman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rubino-Hallman S, Hanna NK (2007) New technologies for public sector transformation: a critical analysis of e-government initiatives in Latin America and the Caribbean. J E-Govern 3:3\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J399v03n03_02","journal-title":"J E-Govern"},{"key":"395_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1108\/ER-04-2021-0139","volume":"44","author":"C Ruiner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruiner C, Klumpp M (2022) Autonomy and new modes of control in digital work contexts \u2013 a mixed-methods study of driving professions in food logistics. Empl Relations 44:890\u2013912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ER-04-2021-0139","journal-title":"Empl Relations"},{"key":"395_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/jls.21827","volume":"16","author":"DS Sandberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sandberg DS, Pennington CM, Lindquist MA (2022) Virtual leadership: CEOs and C-level executives of healthcare organizations in the United States reimagined new roles as virtual leaders. J Leadersh Stud 16:61\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jls.21827","journal-title":"J Leadersh Stud"},{"key":"395_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5267\/j.msl.2019.5.024","volume":"9","author":"S Sasmoko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sasmoko S, Mihardjo LWW, Alamsjah F, Elidjen E (2019) Dynamic capability: the effect of digital leadership on fostering innovation capability based on market orientation. Manag Sci Lett 9:1633\u20131644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5267\/j.msl.2019.5.024","journal-title":"Manag Sci Lett"},{"key":"395_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11301-021-00252-7","author":"N Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer N (2022) Making transparency transparent: a systematic literature review to define and frame supply chain transparency in the context of sustainability. Manag Rev Q. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11301-021-00252-7","journal-title":"Manag Rev Q"},{"key":"395_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1108\/IJEBR-01-2021-0087","volume":"28","author":"G Schiuma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schiuma G, Schettini E, Santarsiero F, Carlucci D (2022) The transformative leadership compass: six competencies for digital transformation entrepreneurship. Int J Entrep Behav Res 28:1273\u20131291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJEBR-01-2021-0087","journal-title":"Int J Entrep Behav Res"},{"key":"395_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1997.tb01330.x","volume":"28","author":"RC Schmidt","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schmidt RC (1997) Managing Delphi surveys using nonparametric statistical techniques. Decis Sci 28:763\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1997.tb01330.x","journal-title":"Decis Sci"},{"key":"395_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/17427150211045153","volume":"18","author":"GB Schmidt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmidt GB, Van Dellen SA (2022) Leadership of place in virtual environments. Leadership 18:186\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17427150211045153","journal-title":"Leadership"},{"key":"395_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2001.11045662","volume":"17","author":"R Schmidt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schmidt R, Lyytinen K, Keil M, Cule P (2001) Identifying software project risks: an international Delphi study. J Manag Inf Syst 17:5\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07421222.2001.11045662","journal-title":"J Manag Inf Syst"},{"key":"395_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-018-0283-2","volume":"12","author":"P Schneider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schneider P (2018) Managerial challenges of Industry 4.0: an empirically backed research agenda for a nascent field. Rev Manag Sci 12:803\u2013848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11846-018-0283-2","journal-title":"Rev Manag Sci"},{"key":"395_CR04","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schulze H, Bals L (2020) Implementing sustainable purchasing and supply management (SPSM ): a Delphi study on competencies needed by purchasing and supply management (PSM) professionals. J Purch Supply Manag 26:100625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pursup.2020.100625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pursup.2020.100625"},{"key":"395_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.5771\/0935-9915-2018-2-114","volume":"29","author":"T Schwarzm\u00fcller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schwarzm\u00fcller T, Brosi P, Duman D, Welpe IM (2018) How does the digital transformation affect organizations? Key themes of change in work design and leadership. Manag Rev 29:114\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5771\/0935-9915-2018-2-114","journal-title":"Manag Rev"},{"key":"395_CR136","unstructured":"Scott G, Coates H, Anderson M (2008) Learning leaders in times of change: academic leadership capabilities for Australian higher education. https:\/\/research.acer.edu.au\/higher_education\/3"},{"key":"395_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamim S, Cang S, Yu H, Li Y (2016) Management approaches for Industry 4.0. In: 2016 IEEE congress on evoluionary computation (CEC). pp 5309\u20135316","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2016.7748365"},{"key":"395_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S243929","volume":"13","author":"C Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi C, Zhang Y, Li C et al (2020) Using the delphi method to identify risk factors contributing to adverse events in residential aged care facilities. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 13:523\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RMHP.S243929","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"395_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-018-2651-8","volume":"115","author":"AS Soriano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soriano AS, \u00c1lvares CL, Vald\u00e9s RMT (2018) Bibliometric analysis to identify an emerging area: public Relations Intelligence\u2014a challenge to strengthen technological observatories in the network society. Scientometrics 115:1591\u20131614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-018-2651-8","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"395_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.12.051","volume":"94","author":"MJ Sousa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sousa MJ, Rocha \u00c1 (2019) Skills for disruptive digital business. J Bus Res 94:257\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.12.051","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"key":"395_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2015.01.003","volume":"25","author":"DL Stone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stone DL, Deadrick DL (2015) Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management. Hum Resour Manag Rev 25:139\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrmr.2015.01.003","journal-title":"Hum Resour Manag Rev"},{"key":"395_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2012.06.001","volume":"23","author":"DL Stone","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stone DL, Dulebohn JH (2013) Emerging issues in theory and research on electronic human resource management (eHRM ). Hum Resour Manag Rev 23:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrmr.2012.06.001","journal-title":"Hum Resour Manag Rev"},{"key":"395_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1108\/02621710810895668","volume":"27","author":"C Sumner-Armstrong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sumner-Armstrong C, Newcombe P, Martin R (2008) A qualitative investigation into leader behavioural flexibility. J Manag Dev 27:843\u2013857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/02621710810895668","journal-title":"J Manag Dev"},{"key":"395_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2019.11.004","volume":"42","author":"E Swanson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swanson E, Kim S, Lee S-M et al (2020) The effect of leader competencies on knowledge sharing and job performance: social capital theory. J Hosp Tour Manag 42:88\u201396","journal-title":"J Hosp Tour Manag"},{"key":"395_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2162-6057.2001.tb01050.x","volume":"35","author":"S Taggar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Taggar S (2001) Group composition, creative synergy, and group performance. J Creat Behav 35:261\u2013286","journal-title":"J Creat Behav"},{"key":"395_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-021-01291-8","volume":"56","author":"FB Tigre","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tigre FB, Henriques PL, Curado C (2022) Building trustworthiness: leadership self-portraits. Q Quant 56:3971\u20133991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11135-021-01291-8","journal-title":"Q Quant"},{"key":"395_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/15480518221123132","volume":"30","author":"FB Tigre","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tigre FB, Curado C, Henriques PL (2023) Digital leadership: a bibliometric analysis. J Leadersh Organ Stud 30:40\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15480518221123132","journal-title":"J Leadersh Organ Stud"},{"key":"395_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2015.07.002","volume":"7","author":"EG Trevelyan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trevelyan EG, Robinson N (2015) Delphi methodology in health research: How to do it? Eur J Integr Med 7:423\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eujim.2015.07.002","journal-title":"Eur J Integr Med"},{"key":"395_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/0020852316681446","volume":"85","author":"M Van Wart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Wart M, Roman A, Wang X, Liu C (2017a) Operationalizing the definition of e-leadership: identifying the elements of e-leadership. Int Rev Adm Sci 85:80\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020852316681446","journal-title":"Int Rev Adm Sci"},{"key":"395_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2016.11.003","volume":"34","author":"M Van Wart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Wart M, Roman A, Wang X, Liu C (2017b) Integrating ICT adoption issues into (e-)leadership theory. Telemat Inform 34:527\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tele.2016.11.003","journal-title":"Telemat Inform"},{"key":"395_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2014.08.016","volume":"101","author":"R Vecchiato","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vecchiato R (2015) Creating value through foresight: first mover advantages and strategic agility. Technol Forecast Soc Change 101:25\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2014.08.016","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Change"},{"key":"395_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2019.01.003","volume":"28","author":"G Vial","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vial G (2019) Understanding digital transformation: a review and a research agenda. J Strateg Inf Syst 28:118\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsis.2019.01.003","journal-title":"J Strateg Inf Syst"},{"key":"395_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.04.013","volume":"79","author":"HA Von der Gracht","year":"2012","unstructured":"Von der Gracht HA (2012) Consensus measurement in Delphi studies: review and implications for future quality assurance. Technol Forecast Soc Change 79:1525\u20131536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.04.013","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Change"},{"key":"395_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.02.006","volume":"24","author":"AAG Walvoord","year":"2008","unstructured":"Walvoord AAG, Redden ER, Elliott LR, Coovert MD (2008) Empowering followers in virtual teams: guiding principles from theory and practice. Comput Human Behav 24:1884\u20131906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2008.02.006","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"395_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.02.026","volume":"69","author":"XH Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang XH, Kim TY, Lee DR (2016) Cognitive diversity and team creativity: effects of team intrinsic motivation and transformational leadership. J Bus Res 69:3231\u20133239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.02.026","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"key":"395_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00641","volume":"21","author":"B Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang B, Schlagwein D, Cecez-Kecmanovic D, Cahalane MC (2020) Beyond the factory paradigm: digital nomadism and the digital future(s) of knowledge work post-COVID-19. J Assoc Inf Syst 21:1379\u20131401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1jais.00641","journal-title":"J Assoc Inf Syst"},{"key":"395_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.902693","volume":"13","author":"T Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang T, Lin X, Sheng F (2022) Digital leadership and exploratory innovation: from the dual perspectives of strategic orientation and organizational culture. Front Psychol 13:1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.902693","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"395_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983488","volume-title":"Quantitative applications in the social sciences: basic content analysis","author":"RP Weber","year":"1990","unstructured":"Weber RP (1990) Quantitative applications in the social sciences: basic content analysis, 2nd edn. Sage Publications Inc, Thousand Oaks","edition":"2"},{"key":"395_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.01.036","volume":"143","author":"E Weber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weber E, B\u00fcttgen M, Bartsch S (2022) How to take employees on the digital transformation journey: an experimental study on complementary leadership behaviors in managing organizational change. J Bus Res 143:225\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.01.036","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"key":"395_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1108\/IJM-07-2021-0423","volume":"43","author":"DT Wijayati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wijayati DT, Rahman Z, Fahrullah A et al (2022) A study of artificial intelligence on employee performance and work engagement: the moderating role of change leadership. Int J Manpow 43:486\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJM-07-2021-0423","journal-title":"Int J Manpow"},{"key":"395_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428115610807","volume":"20","author":"TA Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams TA, Shepherd DA (2017) Mixed method social network analysis: combining inductive concept development, content analysis, and secondary data for quantitative analysis. Organ Res Methods 20:268\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094428115610807","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"395_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2020.09.007","volume":"39","author":"RI Williams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams RI, Clark LA, Clark WR, Raffo DM (2021) Re-examining systematic literature review in management research: additional benefits and execution protocols. Eur Manag J 39:521\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emj.2020.09.007","journal-title":"Eur Manag J"},{"key":"395_CR05","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wittmer JLS, Hopkins MM (2022) Leading remotely in a time of crisis: relationships with emotional intelligence. J Leadersh Organ Stud 29:176\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15480518211053531","DOI":"10.1177\/15480518211053531"},{"key":"395_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000006288127","volume":"34","author":"RL Worthington","year":"2006","unstructured":"Worthington RL, Whittaker TA (2006) Scale development research: a content analysis and recommendations for best practices. Couns Psychol 34:806\u2013838","journal-title":"Couns Psychol"},{"key":"395_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2018.1444806","volume":"56","author":"LD Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu LD, Xu EL, Li L (2018) Industry 4.0: state of the art and future trends. Int J Prod Res 56:2941\u20132962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207543.2018.1444806","journal-title":"Int J Prod Res"},{"key":"395_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.5465\/amle.2017.0290","volume":"19","author":"S Zaar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zaar S, Van den Bossche P, Gijselaers W (2020) How business students think about leadership: a qualitative study on leader identity and meaning-making. Acad Manag Learn Educ 19:168\u2013191","journal-title":"Acad Manag Learn Educ"},{"key":"395_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137280640.0005","volume":"31","author":"SJ Zaccaro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zaccaro SJ, Bader P (2003) E-leadership and the challenges of leading e-teams: minimizing the bad and maximizing the good. Organ Dyn 31:377\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9781137280640.0005","journal-title":"Organ Dyn"},{"key":"395_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16142628","volume":"16","author":"S Zeike","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeike S, Bradbury K, Lindert L, Pfa H (2019) Digital leadership skills and associations with psychological well-being. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16142628","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"395_CR06","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu J, Zhang B, Xie M, Cao Q (2022) Digital leadership and employee creativity: the role of employee job crafting and person-organization fit. Front Psychol 13:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.827057","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.827057"},{"key":"395_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-03-2012-0043","volume":"35","author":"P Ziek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ziek P, Smulowitz S (2014) The impact of emergent virtual leadership competencies on team effectiveness. Leadersh Organ Dev J 35:106\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/LODJ-03-2012-0043","journal-title":"Leadersh Organ Dev J"}],"container-title":["Management Review Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11301-023-00395-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11301-023-00395-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11301-023-00395-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T11:56:20Z","timestamp":1742212580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11301-023-00395-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"references-count":172,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11301-023-00395-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-1620","2198-1639"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-1620","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-1639","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}