{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T08:28:03Z","timestamp":1758961683430,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"47","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/03543\/2017","IPMA-2017-39-BPD","UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","UIDB\/04004\/2020","UIDB\/00313\/2020","UIDP\/00313\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03543\/2017","IPMA-2017-39-BPD","UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","UIDB\/04004\/2020","UIDB\/00313\/2020","UIDP\/00313\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15342-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T22:02:28Z","timestamp":1625954548000},"page":"67256-67266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Determination of intestinal absorption of the paralytic shellfish toxin GTX-5 using the Caco-2 human cell model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9541-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa T.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Susana F.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristiana L.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lia P.","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Churro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Pardal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"15342_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1159\/000480331","volume":"43","author":"P Abal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abal P, Louzao MC, Fraga M, Vilari\u00f1o N, Ferreiro S, Vieytes MR, Botana LM (2017) Absorption and effect of Azaspiracid-1 over the human intestinal barrier. Cell Physiol Biochem 43:136\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000480331","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"15342_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.04.041","volume":"129","author":"RN Alves","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alves RN, Rambla-Alegre M, Braga AC, Maulvault AL, Barbosa V, Camp\u00e0s M, Revert\u00e9 L, Flores C, Caixach J, Kilcoyne J, Reis PC, Diog\u00e8ne J, Marques A (2019) Bioaccessibility of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins in seafood: an in vitro digestion approach. Food Chem Toxicol 129:153\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2019.04.041","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"15342_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00118-6","volume":"40","author":"D Andrinolo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Andrinolo D, Gomes P, Fraga S, Soares-da-Silva P, Lagos N (2002) Transport of the organic cations gonyautoxin 2\/3 epimers, a paralytic shellfish poison toxin, through the human and rat intestinal epitheliums. Toxicon 40:1389\u20131397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00118-6","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"15342_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/138920013804545160","volume":"14","author":"F Antunes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Antunes F, Andrade F, Ferreira D, Nielsen HM, Sarmento B (2013) Models to predict intestinal absorption of therapeutic peptides and proteins. Curr Drug Metab 14:4\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/138920013804545160","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"15342_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10040141","volume":"10","author":"N Arnich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arnich N, Th\u00e9bault A (2018) Dose-response modelling of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans. Toxins 10:141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins10040141","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"15342_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(96)00415-2","volume":"46","author":"P Artursson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Artursson P, Palm K, Luthman K (2001) Caco-2 monolayers in experimental and theoretical predictions of drug transport. Adv. Drug Deliv Rev 46:27\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0169-409X(96)00415-2","journal-title":"Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"15342_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18433\/j30k63","volume":"17","author":"C Awortwe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Awortwe C, Fasinu PS, Rosenkranz B (2014) Application of Caco-2 cell Line in herb-drug interaction studies: current approaches and challenges. J Pharm Pharm Sci 17:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18433\/j30k63","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"15342_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.12.072","volume":"138","author":"MJ Botelho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Botelho MJ, Vale C, Ferreira JG (2015) Profiles of paralytic shellfish toxins in bivalves of low and elevated toxicities following exposure to Gymnodinium catenatum blooms in Portuguese estuarine and coastal waters. Chemosphere 138:1028\u20131036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.12.072","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"15342_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2019.104839","volume":"154","author":"MJ Botelho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Botelho MJ, Marques F, Freitas R, Pires A, Pereira E, Vale C (2020) Paralytic shellfish toxin profiles in mussel, cockle and razor shell under post-bloom natural conditions: evidence of higher biotransformation in razor shells and cockles. Mar Environ Res 154:104839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marenvres.2019.104839","journal-title":"Mar Environ Res"},{"key":"15342_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2019.100017","volume":"X4","author":"IL Carvalho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carvalho IL, Pelerito A, Ribeiro I, Cordeiro R, N\u00fancio MS, Vale P (2019) Paralytic shellfish poisoning due to ingestion of contaminated mussels: a 2018 case report in Caparica (Portugal). Toxicon X4:100017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxcx.2019.100017","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"15342_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.20.040180.000311","volume":"20","author":"WA Catterall","year":"1980","unstructured":"Catterall WA (1980) Neurotoxins that act on voltage-sensitive sodium channels in excitable membranes. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 20:15\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.pa.20.040180.000311","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"15342_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.03.036","volume":"358","author":"W Choi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choi W, Yeruva S, Turner JR (2017) Contributions of intestinal epithelial barriers to health and disease. Exp Cell Res 358:71\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.03.036","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"15342_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-010-0406-5","volume":"655","author":"PR Costa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Costa PR, Botelho MJ, Lefebvre KA (2010) Characterization of paralytic shellfish toxins in seawater and sardines (Sardina pilchardus) during blooms of Gymnodinium catenatum. Hydrobiologia 655:89\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10750-010-0406-5","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"15342_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.3390\/md13042046","volume":"13","author":"PR Costa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costa PR, Robertson A, Quilliam MA (2015) Toxin profile of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) from the Portuguese coast, as determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Marine Drugs 13:2046\u20132062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md13042046","journal-title":"Marine Drugs"},{"key":"15342_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3390\/md16040122","volume":"16","author":"HT Darius","year":"2018","unstructured":"Darius HT, Rou\u00e9 M, Sibat M, Viallon J, Gatti CMII, Vandersea MW, Tester PA, Litaker RW, Amzil Z, Hess P, Chinain M (2018) Toxicological investigations on the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Toxopneustidae, Echinoid) from Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva, French Polynesia): evidence for the presence of pacific ciguatoxins. Marine Drugs 16:122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md16040122","journal-title":"Marine Drugs"},{"key":"15342_CR16","first-page":"31","volume":"48","author":"M Estrada","year":"1984","unstructured":"Estrada M, S\u00e1nchez FJ, Fraga S (1984) Gymnodinium catenatum (Graham) en las r\u00edas gallegas (NO de Espa\u00f1a). Investig Pesq 48:31\u201340","journal-title":"Investig Pesq"},{"key":"15342_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2007.06.003","volume":"146","author":"N Estrada","year":"2007","unstructured":"Estrada N, Romero MJ, Campa-C\u00f3rdova A, Luna A, Ascencio F (2007) Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium catenatum on hydrolytic and antioxidant enzymes, in tissues of the giant lions-paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus. Comp Biochem Physiol C 146:502\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpc.2007.06.003","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C"},{"key":"15342_CR18","unstructured":"European Commission 854, 2004. Regulation of the European Parliament and of the council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific rules for the organization of official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consumption. Off J Eur Union L226\/22."},{"key":"15342_CR19","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO, 2016. Technical paper on toxicity equivalency factors for marine biotoxins associated with bivalve molluscs. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i5970e\/i5970e.pdf"},{"key":"15342_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3354\/ame01206","volume":"52","author":"RS Figueroa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Figueroa RS, Bravo I, Ramilo I, Pazos Y, Moro\u00f1o A (2008) New life-cycle stages of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae): laboratory and field observations. Aquat Microb Ecol 52:13\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/ame01206","journal-title":"Aquat Microb Ecol"},{"key":"15342_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2003.11.018","volume":"43","author":"C Garc\u00eda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda C, del Carmen BM, Lagos M, Lagos N (2004) Paralytic shellfish poisoning: post-mortem analysis of tissue and body fluid samples from human victims in the Patagonia fjords. Toxicon 43:149\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2003.11.018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"15342_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.10.028","volume":"53","author":"C Garcia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Garcia C, Rodriguez-Navarro A, Diaz JC, Torres R, Lagos N (2009) Evidence of in vitro glucuronidation and enzymatic transformation of paralytic shellfish toxins by healthy human liver microsomes fraction. Toxicon 53:206\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.10.028","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"15342_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00108a047","volume":"29","author":"AA Genenah","year":"1981","unstructured":"Genenah AA, Shimizu Y (1981) Specific toxicity of paralytic shellfish poisons. J Agric Food Chem 29:1289\u20131291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf00108a047","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"15342_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/s0041-0101(96)00154-7","volume":"35","author":"BD Gessner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gessner BD, Bell P, Doucette GJ, Moczydlowski E, Poli MA, Van Dolah F, Hall S (1997) Hypertension and identification of toxin in human urine and serum following a cluster of mussel-associated paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreaks. Toxicon 35:711\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0041-0101(96)00154-7","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"15342_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.303","volume":"2","author":"I Hubatsch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hubatsch I, Ragnarsson E, Artursson P (2007) Determination of drug permeability and prediction of drug absorption in Caco-2 monolayers. Nat Protoc 2:2111\u20132119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2007.303","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"15342_CR26","unstructured":"Iversen PW, Beck B, Chen YF et al (2012) HTS assay validation. In: Sittampalam GS, Grossman A, Brimacombe K et al (eds) Assay Guidance Manual. Eli Lilly & Company and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda (MD) https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/"},{"key":"15342_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2020.01.004","volume":"14","author":"Y Kamiya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kamiya Y, Takaku H, Yamada R, Akase C, Abe Y, Sekiguchi Y, Murayama N, Shimizu M, Kitajima M, Shono F, Funatsu K, Yamazaki H (2020) Determination and prediction of permeability across intestinal epithelial cell monolayer of a diverse range of industrial chemicals\/drugs for estimation of oral absorption as a putative marker of hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Rep 14:149\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2020.01.004","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"15342_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kodama M (2000) Ecology, classification, and origin. In: Botana LM (ed) Seafood and freshwater toxins: pharmacology, physiology and detection. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 125\u2013150","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203909539.ch6"},{"key":"15342_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/84.4.1099","volume":"84","author":"JF Lawrence","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lawrence JF, Niedzwiadek B (2001) Quantitative determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish by using prechromatographic oxidation and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J AOAC Int 84:1099\u20131108","journal-title":"J AOAC Int"},{"key":"15342_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2012.0463","volume":"19","author":"N Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li N, Wang D, Sui Z, Qi X, Ji L, Wang X, Yang L (2013) Development of an improved three-dimensional in vitro intestinal mucosa model for drug absorption evaluation. Tissue Eng Part C 19:708\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ten.tec.2012.0463","journal-title":"Tissue Eng"},{"key":"15342_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01927-0","volume":"8","author":"YL Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li YL, Sun XQ, Hu XL, Xun XG, Zhang JB, Guo XM, Jiao WQ, Zhang LL, Liu WZ, Wang J, Li J, Sun Y, Miao Y, Zhang XK, Cheng TR, Xu GL, Fu XT, Wang YF, Yu XR, Huang XT, Lu W, Lv J, Mu C, Wang DW, Li X, Xia Y, Li YJ, Yang ZH, Wang FL, Zhang L, Xing Q, Dou HQ, Ning XH, Dou JZ, Li YP, Kong DX, Liu YR, Jiang Z, Li RQ, Wang S, Bao ZM (2017) Scallop genome reveals molecular adaptations to semi-sessile life and neurotoxins. Nat Commun 8:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-017-01927-0","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"15342_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/s0041-0101(02)00164-2","volume":"40","author":"LE Llewellyn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Llewellyn LE, Dodd MJ, Robertson A, Ericson G, de Koning C, Negri AP (2002) Post-mortem analysis of samples from a human victim of a fatal poisoning caused by the xanthid crab, Zosimus aeneus. Toxicon 40:1463\u20131469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0041-0101(02)00164-2","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"15342_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilv018","volume":"56","author":"K Lu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lu K, Mahbub R, Fox JG (2015) Xenobiotics: interaction with the intestinal microflora. ILAR J 56:218\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ilar\/ilv018","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"key":"15342_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.10.012","volume":"73","author":"C McLeod","year":"2017","unstructured":"McLeod C, Dowsett N, Hallegraeff G, Harwood DT, Hay B, Ibbott S, Malhi N, Murray S, Smith K, Tan J, Turnbull A (2017) Accumulation and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins by Australian abalone Haliotis rubra: Conclusive association with Gymnodinium catenatum dinoflagellate blooms. Food Control 73:971\u2013980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.10.012","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"15342_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1177\/1087057104267162","volume":"9","author":"S Miret","year":"2004","unstructured":"Miret S, Abrahamse L, de Groene EM (2004) Comparison of in vitro models for the prediction of compound absorption across the human intestinal mucosa. J Biomol Screen 9:598\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087057104267162","journal-title":"J Biomol Screen"},{"key":"15342_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1021\/tx034037j","volume":"16","author":"AP Negri","year":"2003","unstructured":"Negri AP, Stirling D, Quilliam M, Blackburn S, Bolch C, Burton I, Eaglesham G, Thomas K, Walter J, Willis R (2003) Three novel hydroxybenzoate saxitoxin analogues isolated from the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. Chem Res Toxicol 16:1029\u20131033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/tx034037j","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"15342_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2007.04.001","volume":"6","author":"AP Negri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Negri AP, Bolch CJS, Geier S, Green DH, Park T-G, Blackburn SI (2007) Widespread presence of hydrophobic paralytic shellfish toxins in Gymnodinium catenatum. Harmful Algae 6:774\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hal.2007.04.001","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"15342_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbh037","volume":"26","author":"MC Ord\u00e1s","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ord\u00e1s MC, Fraga S, Franco JM, Ord\u00e1s A, Figueras A (2004) Toxin and molecular analysis of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) strains from Galicia (NW Spain) and Andaluc\u00eda (S Spain). J Plankton Res 26:341\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/plankt\/fbh037","journal-title":"J Plankton Res"},{"key":"15342_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-8391-7_1","volume":"54","author":"S Ren","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ren S, Lien EJ (2000) Caco-2 cell permeability vs human gastrointestinal absorption: QSPR analysis. Prog Drug Res 54:1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-0348-8391-7_1","journal-title":"Prog Drug Res"},{"key":"15342_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2015.07.008","volume":"48","author":"T Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silva T, Caeiro MF, Costa PR, Amorim A (2015) Gymnodinium catenatum Graham isolated from the Portuguese coast: toxin content and genetic characterization. Harmful Algae 48:94\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hal.2015.07.008","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"15342_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.14712\/18059694.2016.9","volume":"54","author":"L Smetanov\u00e1","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smetanov\u00e1 L, Stetinov\u00e1 V, Svoboda Z, Kvetina J (2011) Caco-2 cells, biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) and biowaiver. Acta Med Austriaca 54:3\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14712\/18059694.2016.9","journal-title":"Acta Med Austriaca"},{"key":"15342_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.02.009","volume":"52","author":"AS Stewart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stewart AS, Pratt-Phillips S, Gonzalez LM (2017) Alterations in intestinal permeability: the role of the \u201cleaky gut\u201d in health and disease. J Equine Vet Sci 52:10\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.02.009","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"15342_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.4.4.395","volume":"4","author":"H Sun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sun H, Chow EC, Liu S, Du Y, Pang KS (2008) The Caco-2 cell monolayer: usefulness and limitations. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 4:395\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/17425255.4.4.395","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"15342_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11010058","volume":"11","author":"IJ Tamele","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tamele IJ, Silva M, Vasconcelos V (2019) The incidence of marine toxins and the associated seafood poisoning episodes in the African countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Toxins 11:58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins11010058","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"15342_CR45","unstructured":"Thomas K, Crain S, Reeves K, Quilliam MA, 2013. CRM-GTX5-c, a certified calibration solution reference material for gonyautoxin-5. Biotoxin Metrology Technical Report CRM-GTX5-c-20120301, National Research Council Canada."},{"key":"15342_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02161-06","volume":"73","author":"N Touzet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Touzet N, Franco JM, Raine R (2007) Characterization of nontoxic and toxin-producing strains of Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) in Irish coastal waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:3333\u20133342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.02161-06","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"15342_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10080324","volume":"10","author":"N Vilari\u00f1o","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vilari\u00f1o N, Louzao MC, Abal P, Cagide E, Carrera C, Vieytes MR, Botana LM (2018) Human poisoning from marine toxins: unknowns for optimal consumer protection. Toxins 10:324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins10080324","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"15342_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.3390\/md8072185","volume":"8","author":"M Wiese","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wiese M, D\u2019Agostino PM, Mihali TK, Moffitt MC, Neilan BA (2010) Neurotoxic alkaloids: saxitoxin and its analogs. Mar Drugs 8:2185\u20132211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md8072185","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"15342_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1012102522787","volume":"14","author":"S Yee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yee S (1997) In vitro permeability across Caco-2 cells (colonic) can predict in vivo (small intestinal) absorption in man - fact or myth. Pharm Res 14:763\u2013766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1012102522787","journal-title":"Pharm Res"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-15342-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-021-15342-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-15342-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T09:34:19Z","timestamp":1638524059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-021-15342-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"47","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["15342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-15342-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1344","1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0944-1344"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1614-7499"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}