{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T18:24:29Z","timestamp":1774981469212,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003339","name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitously present in the world\u2019s seas with unknown potential toxic effects on aquatic ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate biochemical responses caused by 1\u20135 \u03bcm diameter plastic fluorescent red polymer microspheres (FRM), under short-term exposure of nauplii and juveniles of <jats:italic>Artemia franciscana<\/jats:italic>, using a set of biomarkers involved in important physiological processes such as biotransformation, neuronal transmission and oxidative stress. Two FRM concentrations (0.4 and 1.6 mg mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) present in the water at ecologically relevant concentrations were used to study their toxicity. No significant differences were found in growth, survival and feeding behaviour of nauplii, after 2 days of exposure to both FRM concentrations. However, in juveniles, survival decreased after 5 days of exposure to FRM1.6; but no significant differences were found in either growth or feeding behaviour. It was observed that nauplii and juveniles, under short-term exposure, had the ability to ingest and egest FRM particles, although their accumulation was higher in nauplii than in juveniles, maybe related with the capacity of the latter to empty their gut content faster, in the presence of food. Regarding biomarkers responses in nauplii, all enzymatic activities increased significantly, after short-term exposure to the higher FRM concentration tested (FRM1.6), which could be related with detoxifying MPs-triggered oxidative stress. In juveniles, the inhibition of ChE and the decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, after 5 days of exposure to FRM1.6, might indicate a neurotoxic effect and oxidative damage induced by FRM. This study provides further evidences that accumulation of MPs in the gut by nauplii and juveniles of <jats:italic>A. franciscana<\/jats:italic> can induce negative effects on important physiological processes with influence on their health, highlighting the general concern about the negative effects of MPs pollution on aquatic species, as well as the need to understand the mechanism of MPs toxicity and its possible impacts on environmental safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15992-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T19:02:27Z","timestamp":1629918147000},"page":"6080-6092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Effect of short-term exposure to fluorescent red polymer microspheres on Artemia franciscana nauplii and juveniles"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Diogo","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amparo","family":"Torreblanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Natividade","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3937-3846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Var\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"15992_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-091302-2.50032-3","volume-title":"Methods of enzymatic analysis","author":"H Aebi","year":"1974","unstructured":"Aebi H (1974) Catalase. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Academic Press, London, pp 671\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-12-091302-2.50032-3"},{"key":"15992_CR2","unstructured":"Amat F (1985) Utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de Artemia en Acuicultura. Inf T\u00e9cn Inst Inv Pesq:128\u2013129"},{"key":"15992_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-012-2794-7","volume":"185","author":"M Ates","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ates M, Daniels J, Arslan Z, Farah IO (2013a) Effects of aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on Artemia salina: assessment of nanoparticle aggregation, accumulation, and toxicity. Environ Monit Assess 185:3339\u20133348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-012-2794-7","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"15992_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.21917","volume":"30","author":"M Ates","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ates M, Demir V, Arslan Z, Daniels J, Farah IO, Bogatu C (2013b) Evaluation of alpha and gamma aluminum oxide nanoparticle accumulation, toxicity, and depuration in Artemia salina larvae. Environ Toxicol 30:109\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.21917","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"15992_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122419","volume":"393","author":"A Barboza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barboza A, Cunha SC, Monteiro C, Fernandes JO (2020) Bisphenol A and its analogs in muscle and liver of fish from the North East Atlantic Ocean in relation to microplastic contamination. Exposure and risk to human consumers. J Hazard Mater 393:122419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122419","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"15992_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.12.008","volume":"195","author":"LGA Barboza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barboza LGA, Vieira LR, Branco V, Figueiredo N, Carvalho F, Carvalho C, Guilhermino L (2018a) Microplastics cause neurotoxicity, oxidative damage and energy-related changes and interact with the bioaccumulation of mercury in the European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758). Aquat Toxicol 195:49\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.12.008","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"15992_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barboza LGA, Vieira LR, Guilhermino L (2018b) Single and combined effects of microplastics and mercury on juveniles of the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax): changes in behavioural responses and reduction of swimming velocity and resistance time. Environ. Pollution, 1-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.12.082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.12.082"},{"key":"15992_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3361","volume":"35","author":"A Batel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Batel A, Linti F, Scherer M, Erdinger L, Braunbeck T (2016) Transfer of benzo[a]pyrene from microplastics to Artemia nauplii and further to zebrafish via a trophic food web experiment: cyp1a induction and visual tracking of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Toxicol Chem 35:1656\u20131666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.3361","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"15992_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.06.008","volume":"189","author":"E Bergami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bergami E, Pugnalini S, Vannuccini ML, Manfra L, Faleri C, Savorelli F, Dawson KA, Corsi I (2017) Long-term toxicity of surface-charged polystyrene nanoplastics to marine planktonic species Dunaliella tertiolecta and Artemia franciscana. Aquat Toxicol 189:159\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.06.008","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"15992_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8932","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01090","volume":"49","author":"H Bouwmeester","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bouwmeester H, Hollman PCH, Peters RJB (2015) Potential health impact of environmentally released micro- and nanoplastics in the human food production chain: experiences from nanotoxicology. Environ Sci Technol 49:8932\u20138947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b01090","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"15992_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(85)13062-4","volume":"13","author":"I Carlberg","year":"1985","unstructured":"Carlberg I, Mannervik B (1985) Glutathione Reductase. Methods Enzymol 13:484\u2013490","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"15992_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.04.004","volume":"164","author":"CH Cheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cheng CH, Yang FF, Ling RZ, Liao SA, Miao YT, Ye CX, Wang AL (2015) Effects of ammonia exposure on apoptosis, oxidative stress and immune response in pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus). Aquat Toxicol 164:61\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.04.004","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"15992_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111552","volume":"160","author":"M Cole","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cole M, Liddle C, Consolandi G, Drago C, Hird C, Lindeque PK, Galloway TS (2020) Microplastics, microfibres and nanoplastics cause variable sub-lethal responses in mussels (Mytilus spp.). Mar Pollut Bull 160:111552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111552","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"15992_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1021\/es504525u","volume":"49","author":"M Cole","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cole M, Lindeque P, Fileman E, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2015) The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Environ Sci Technol 49:1130\u20131137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es504525u","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"15992_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6646","DOI":"10.1021\/es400663f","volume":"47","author":"M Cole","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cole M, Lindeque P, Fileman E, Halsband C, Goodhead R, Moger J, Galloway TS (2013) Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environ Sci Technol 47:6646\u20136655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es400663f","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"15992_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.009","volume":"687","author":"R Coppock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coppock R, Galloway TS, Cole M, Fileman ES, Queir\u00f3s A, Lindeque PK (2019) Microplastics alter feeding selectivity and faecal density in the copepod, Calanus helgolandicus. Sci Total Environ 687:780\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.009","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"15992_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(01)00233-7","volume":"259","author":"CA Downs","year":"2001","unstructured":"Downs CA, Dillon RT, Fauth JE, Woodley CM (2001) A molecular biomarker system for assessing the health of gastropods (Ilyanassa obsoleta) exposed to natural and anthropogenic stressors. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 259:189\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-0981(01)00233-7","journal-title":"J Exp Mar Biol Ecol"},{"key":"15992_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-020-00088-4","volume":"16","author":"H-J Eom","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eom H-J, Nam S-E, Rhee J-S (2020) Polystyrene microplastics induce mortality through acute cell stress and inhibition of cholinergic activity in a brine shrimp. Molecular & Cellular Toxicology 16:233\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13273-020-00088-4","journal-title":"Molecular & Cellular Toxicology"},{"key":"15992_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(99)00104-5","volume":"242","author":"JO Evjemo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Evjemo JO, Olsen Y (1999) Effect of food concentration on the growth and production rate of Artemia franciscana feeding on algae (T. iso). J Exp Mar Bio Ecol 242:273\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-0981(99)00104-5","journal-title":"J Exp Mar Bio Ecol"},{"key":"15992_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1651\/0278-0372(2001)021[0435:ABIEOP]2.0.CO;2","volume":"21","author":"RG Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez RG (2001) Artemia Bioencapsulation I. Effect of particle sizes on the filtering behavior of Artemia Franciscana. J Crustacean Bio 21:435\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1651\/0278-0372(2001)021[0435:ABIEOP]2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"J Crustacean Bio"},{"key":"15992_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.09.015","volume":"180","author":"E Fonte","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fonte E, Ferreira P, Guilhermino L (2016) Temperature rise and microplastics interact with the toxicity of the antibiotic cefalexin to juveniles of the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps): post-exposure predatory behaviour, acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation. Aquat Toxicol 180:173\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.09.015","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"15992_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2014.02.002","volume":"100","author":"MC Fossi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fossi MC, Coppola D, Baini M, Giannetti M, Guerranti C, Marsili L, Panti C, de Sabata E, Cl\u00f2 S (2014) Large filter feeding marine organisms as indicators of microplastic in the pelagic environment: the case studies of the Mediterranean basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) and fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Mar Environ Res 100:17\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marenvres.2014.02.002","journal-title":"Mar Environ Res"},{"key":"15992_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10988","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02720","volume":"50","author":"V Foulon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Foulon V, Le Roux F, Lambert C, Huvet A, Soudant P, Paul-Pont I (2016) Colonization of polystyrene microparticles by Vibrio crassostreae: light and electron microscopic investigation. Environ Sci Technol 50:10988\u201310996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6b02720","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"15992_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-3695-8","volume":"186","author":"C Gambardella","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gambardella C, Mesaric T, Milivojevic T, Sepcic K, Gallus L, Carbone S, Ferrando S, Faimali M (2014) Effects of selected metal oxide nanoparticles on Artemia salina larvae: evaluation of mortality and behavioural and biochemical responses. Environ Monit Assess 186:4249\u20134259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-014-3695-8","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"15992_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.07.036","volume":"145","author":"C Gambardella","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gambardella C, Morgana S, Ferrando S, Bramini M, Piazza V, Costa E, Garaventa F, Faimali M (2017) Effects of polystyrene microbeads in marine planktonic crustaceans. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 145:250\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.07.036","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"15992_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400052875","volume":"29","author":"BDT Gauld","year":"1951","unstructured":"Gauld BDT (1951) The grazing rate of planktonic copepods. J Mar Biol Assoc 29:695\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0025315400052875","journal-title":"J Mar Biol Assoc"},{"key":"15992_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.020","volume":"622-623","author":"L Guilhermino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guilhermino L, Vieira LR, Ribeiro D, Tavares AS, Cardoso V, Alves A, Almeida JM (2018) Uptake and effects of the antimicrobial florfenicol, microplastics and their mixtures on freshwater exotic invasive bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Sci Total Environ. 622-623:1131\u20131142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"15992_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0298","volume":"8","author":"MC Goldstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goldstein MC, Rosenberg M, Cheng L (2012) Increased oceanic microplastic debris enhances oviposition in an endemic pelagic insect. Biol. Lett. 8:817\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0298","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"15992_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","volume":"249","author":"W Habig","year":"1974","unstructured":"Habig W, Pabst M, Jakoby W (1974) Glutathione S-transferase: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 249:7130\u20137139","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"15992_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41323","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41323","volume":"7","author":"CB Jeong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jeong CB, Kang HM, Lee MC, Kim DH, Han J, Hwang DS, Souissi S, Lee SJ, Shin KH, Park HG, Lee JS (2017) Adverse effects of microplastics and oxidative stress-induced MAPK\/Nrf2 pathway-mediated defense mechanisms in the marine copepod Paracyclopina nana. Sci Rep 7:41323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep41323","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"15992_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.05.003","volume":"231","author":"J Jeong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeong J, Choi J (2019) Adverse outcome pathways potentially related to hazard identification of microplastics based on toxicity mechanisms. Chemosphere 231:249\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.05.003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"15992_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8849","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01441","volume":"50","author":"C Jeong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jeong C, Won E, Kang H, Lee M, Hwang D, Hwang U (2016) Microplastic size-dependent toxicity, oxidative stress induction, and p - JNK and p - p38 activation in the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus). Environ Sci Technol 50:8849\u20138857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6b01441","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"15992_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.01.047","volume":"223","author":"A Karami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karami A, Groman DB, Wilson SP, Ismail P, Neela VK (2017) Biomarker responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to pristine low-density polyethylene fragments. Environ Pollut 223:466\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.01.047","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"15992_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2021.105748","volume":"232","author":"L Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim L, Kim SA, Kim TH, Kim J, An Y (2021) Synthetic and natural microfibers induce gut damage in the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Aquatic Toxicol 232:105748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2021.105748","journal-title":"Aquatic Toxicol"},{"key":"15992_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.05.172","volume":"208","author":"AJ Kokalj","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kokalj AJ, Kunej U, Skalar T (2018) Screening study of four environmentally relevant microplastic pollutants: uptake and effects on Daphnia magna and Artemia franciscana. Chemosphere 208:522\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.05.172","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"15992_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33882","volume":"6","author":"M Kooi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kooi M, Reisser J, Slat B, Ferrari FF, Schmid MS, Cunsolo S, Brambini R, Noble K, Lys-Anne S, Linders TEW, Schoeneich-Argent RI, Koelmans AA (2016) The effect of particle properties on the depth profile of buoyant plastics in the ocean. Sci Rep 6:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep33882","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"15992_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7963","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04702","volume":"51","author":"M Kooi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kooi M, Van Nes EH, Scheffer M, Koelmans AA (2017) Ups and downs in the ocean: effects of biofouling on vertical transport of microplastics. Environ Sci Technol 51:7963\u20137971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6b04702","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"15992_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1906","volume":"13","author":"J Kwon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwon J, Chang S, Hong H, Joon W (2017) Microplastics as a vector of hydrophobic contaminants: importance of hydrophobic additives. Integr Environ Assess Manag 13:494\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ieam.1906","journal-title":"Integr Environ Assess Manag"},{"key":"15992_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.12.022","volume":"172","author":"JW Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee JW, Kang H, Won E, Hwang D, Kim D, Lee S, Lee J (2016) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) lead to growth retardation, antioxidant depletion, and activation of the ERK signaling pathway but decrease copper bioavailability in the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus). Aquat Toxicol 172:67\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.12.022","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"15992_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11278","DOI":"10.1021\/es401932b","volume":"47","author":"K Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee K, Shim WJ, Kwon OY, Kang J (2013) Size-dependent effects of micro polystyrene particles in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Environ Sci Technol 47:11278\u201311283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es401932b","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"15992_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.04.017","volume":"69","author":"G Libralato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Libralato G, Prato E, Migliore L, Cicero AM, Manfra L (2016) A review of toxicity testing protocols and endpoints with Artemia spp. Ecological Indicators 69:35\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.04.017","journal-title":"Ecological Indicators"},{"key":"15992_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.10.061","volume":"219","author":"Y Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma Y, Huang A, Cao S, Sun F, Wang L, Guo H, Ji R (2016) Effects of nanoplastics and microplastics on toxicity, bioaccumulation, and environmental fate of phenanthrene in fresh water. Environ Pollut 219:166\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.10.061","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"15992_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.04.021","volume":"57","author":"L Manfra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manfra L, Savorelli F, Lorenzo BD, Libralato G, Comin S, Conti S, Floris B, Francese M, Gallo ML, Gartner I, Guida M, Leoni T, Marino G, Martelli F, Palazzi D, Prato E, Righini P, Rossi E, Ghirardini AV, Migliore L (2015) Intercalibration of ecotoxicity testing protocols with Artemia franciscana. Ecol Indicators 57:41\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.04.021","journal-title":"Ecol Indicators"},{"key":"15992_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.054","volume":"631-632","author":"A Martins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martins A, Guilhermino L (2018) Transgenerational effects and recovery of microplastics exposure in model populations of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna Straus. Sci Total Environ 631-632:421\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.054","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"15992_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90544-3","volume":"193","author":"W Mastropaolo","year":"1981","unstructured":"Mastropaolo W, Yourno J (1981) An ultraviolet spectrophotometric assay for cY-naphthyl acetate a-naphthyl butyrate esterases. Anal Biochesm 193:188\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90544-3","journal-title":"Anal Biochesm"},{"key":"15992_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.03.014","volume":"163","author":"T Mesari\u010d","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mesari\u010d T, Gambardella C, Milivojevi T, Faimali M, Drobn D, Falugi C, Makovec D, Jemec A, Sep K (2015) High surface adsorption properties of carbon-based nanomaterials are responsible for mortality, swimming inhibition, and biochemical responses in Artemia salina larvae. Aquat Toxicol 163:121\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.03.014","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"15992_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16162857","volume":"16","author":"T Miranda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miranda T, Vieira LR, Guilhermino L (2019) Neurotoxicity, behavior, and lethal effects of cadmium, microplastics and their mixtures on Pomatoschistus microps juveniles from two wild populations exposed under laboratory conditions - implications to environmental and human risk assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:2857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16162857","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"15992_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.55.2209","volume":"55","author":"Y Nimura","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nimura Y (1989) Shortest gut passage time and gut content volume of Artemia franciscana. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 55:2209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2331\/suisan.55.2209","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"15992_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.06.013","volume":"62","author":"B Nunes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nunes B, Carvalho F, Guilhermino L (2006) Effects of widely used pharmaceuticals and a detergent on oxidative stress biomarkers of the crustacean Artemia parthenogenetica. Chemosphere 62:581\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.06.013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"15992_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.03.100","volume":"176","author":"D Peixoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peixoto D, Amorim J, Pinheiro C, Oliva-Teles L, Var\u00f3 I, De Medeiros R, Natividade M (2019a) Uptake and effects of different concentrations of spherical polymer microparticles on Artemia franciscana. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 176:211\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.03.100","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"15992_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2019.02.018","volume":"219","author":"D Peixoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peixoto D, Pinheiro C, Amorim J, Oliva-Teles L, Natividade M (2019b) Microplastic pollution in commercial salt for human consumption: a review. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 219:161\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecss.2019.02.018","journal-title":"Estuar Coast Shelf Sci"},{"key":"15992_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.40.1.215","volume":"40","author":"M Reeve","year":"1963","unstructured":"Reeve M (1963a) The filter-feeding of Artemia III. Faecal pellets and their associated membranes. J Exp Biol 40:215\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.40.1.215","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"15992_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.40.1.195","volume":"40","author":"M Reeve","year":"1963","unstructured":"Reeve M (1963b) The Filter-feeding of Artemia I. Pure cultures of plant cells. J Exp Biol 40:195\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.40.1.195","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"15992_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.09.057","volume":"189","author":"ACM Rodrigues","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodrigues ACM, Gravato C, Quintaneiro C, Bordalo MD, Barata C, Soares AMVM, Pestana J (2017) Energetic costs and biochemical biomarkers associated with esfenvalerate exposure in Sericostoma vittatum. Chemosphere 189:445\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.09.057","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"15992_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-015-1626-1","volume":"95","author":"A Rotini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rotini A, Manfra L, Canepa S, Tornambe A, Migliore L (2015) Can Artemia hatching assay be a (sensitive) alternative tool to acute toxicity test? Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 95:745\u2013751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00128-015-1626-1","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"15992_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111109","volume":"204","author":"M Sharifinia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharifinia M, Bahmanbeigloo ZA, Keshavarzifard M, Khanjani MH, Lyons BP (2020) Microplastic pollution as a grand challenge in marine research: a closer look at their adverse impacts on the immune and reproductive systems. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 204:111109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111109","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"15992_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-014-2588-2","volume":"270","author":"M Sol\u00e9","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sol\u00e9 M, Var\u00f3 I, Gonz\u00e1lez-Mira A, Torreblanca (2015) Xenobiotic metabolism modulation after long-term temperature acclimation in juveniles of Solea senegalensis. Chem Geol 270:9\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00227-014-2588-2","journal-title":"Chem Geol"},{"key":"15992_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123220","volume":"400","author":"TY Suman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suman TY, Jia PP, Li WG, Junaid M, Xin GY, Wang Y, Pei DS (2020) Acute and chronic effects of polystyrene microplastics on brine shrimp: first evidence highlighting the molecular mechanism through transcriptome analysis. J Hazard Mater 400:123220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123220","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"15992_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.12.004","volume":"115","author":"X Sun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun X, Li Q, Zhu M, Liang J, Zheng S, Zhao Y (2016) Ingestion of microplastics by natural zooplankton groups in the northern South. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 115:217\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.12.004","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"15992_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.110697","volume":"150","author":"N van der Hal","year":"2020","unstructured":"van der Hal N, Yeruham E, Shukis D, Rilov G, Astrahan P, Angel DL (2020) Uptake and incorporation of PCBs by eastern Mediterranean rabbit fish that consumed microplastics. Mar Pollut Bull 150:110697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.110697","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"15992_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.157","volume":"675","author":"I Var\u00f3","year":"2019","unstructured":"Var\u00f3 I, Perini DA, Torreblanca A, Garcia Y, Bergami E, Vannuccini ML, Corsi I (2019) Time-dependent effects of polystyrene nanoparticles in brine shrimp Artemia franciscana at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. Sci Total Environ 675:570\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.157","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"15992_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.02.008","volume":"161","author":"I Var\u00f3","year":"2015","unstructured":"Var\u00f3 I, Red\u00f3n S, Garcia-Roger EM, Amat F, Guinot D, Serrano R, Navarro JC (2015) Aquatic pollution may favor the success of the invasive species A. franciscana. Aquat Toxicol 161:208\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.02.008","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"15992_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.10.024","volume":"244","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhang D, Zhang M, Mu J, Ding G, Mao Z, Cao Z, Jin Y, Cong Y, Wang L, Wang J (2019) Effects of ingested polystyrene microplastics on brine shrimp, Artemia. Environ Pollut 244:715\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.10.024","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"15992_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.71.1.25","volume":"71","author":"J Willis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Willis J, Rezaur R, Sehnal F (1982) Juvenoids cause some insects to form composite cuticles. J Embryol Exp Morphol 71:25\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.71.1.25","journal-title":"J Embryol Exp Morphol"},{"key":"15992_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.04.015","volume":"200","author":"P Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu P, Liu Z, Wu D, Chen M, Lv W, Zhao Y (2018) Accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in juvenile Eriocheir sinensis and oxidative stress effects in the liver. Aquat Toxicol 200:28\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.04.015","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-15992-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-021-15992-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-15992-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T08:06:31Z","timestamp":1642233991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-021-15992-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["15992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-15992-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1344","1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1344","type":"print"},{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}