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The research objectives include the understanding of technological and cultural aspects, as well as of conservation and deterioration issues related to the pictographs. The multi-analytical approach encompasses the integration of microscopic observation, SEM\u2013EDS analysis, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and ATR-FTIR and allowed to achieve a multispectral overview of the samples and to describe their varied composition and the alteration pattern which connects them. The main phases overlying the granitic bedrock and involved in this sequence are as follows: hematite, whewellite, and gypsum. While hematite could be stratigraphically considered the most ancient layer and assigned to the use of red ochre as a pigment, whewellite and gypsum are the main constituent of the alteration layer which forms a patina over the pictographs, due to weathering processes. Finally, the role of biofilms in rock art conservation is discussed, suggesting that, especially for what concern thin and homogenous layers of oxalates, their presence should not be necessarily considered an issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-23589-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T02:02:25Z","timestamp":1667786545000},"page":"24344-24360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A multi-analytical evaluation of the depositional pattern on open-air rock art panels at \u201cAbrigo del Lince\u201d (Badajoz, Spain)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9220-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Nicoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Eftekhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Vaccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hip\u00f3lito","family":"Collado Giraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Garc\u00eas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Lattao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Rosina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"23589_CR1","volume-title":"La pintura rupestre esquem\u00e1tica en Espa\u00f1a","author":"P Acosta Mart\u00ednez","year":"1968","unstructured":"Acosta Mart\u00ednez P (1968) La pintura rupestre esquem\u00e1tica en Espa\u00f1a. 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