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On the other hand, traditional antifouling (AF) marine coatings release persistent and toxic biocides that accumulate in sediments and aquatic organisms. To understand the putative impact on marine ecosystems of recently described and patented AF xanthones (xanthones 1 and 2), able to inhibit mussel settlement without acting as biocides, several in silico environmental fate predictions (bioaccumulation, biodegradation, and soil absorption) were calculated in this work. Subsequently, a degradation assay using treated seawater at different temperatures and light exposures was conducted for a period of 2\u00a0months to calculate their half-life (DT<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>). Xanthone 2 was found to be non-persistent (DT<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u200960\u00a0days) at 50\u00a0\u03bcM, contrary to xanthone 1 (DT<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u2009&gt;\u200960\u00a0days). To evaluate the efficacy of both xanthones as AF agents, they were blended into four polymeric-based coating systems: polyurethane- and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based marine paints, as well as room-temperature-vulcanizing PDMS- and acrylic-based coatings. Despite their low water solubility, xanthones 1 and 2 demonstrated suitable leaching behaviors after 45\u00a0days. Overall, the generated xanthone-based coatings were able to decrease the attachment of the <jats:italic>Mytilus galloprovincialis<\/jats:italic> larvae after 40\u00a0h. This proof-of-concept and environmental impact evaluation will contribute to the search for truly environmental-friendly AF alternatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26899-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T17:02:39Z","timestamp":1683046959000},"page":"68987-68997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["3,4-Dioxygenated xanthones as antifouling additives for marine coatings: in silico studies, seawater solubility, degradability, leaching, and antifouling performance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisabete R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Resende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Madalena","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana R.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4150-8532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Correia-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"26899_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10081126","volume":"10","author":"JR Almeida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almeida JR, Palmeira A, Campos A, Cunha I, Freitas M, Felpeto AB, Turkina MV, Vasconcelos V, Pinto M, Correia-da-Silva M, Sousa E (2020) Structure-antifouling activity relationship and molecular targets of bio-inspired(thio)xanthones. 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Marta Correia da Silva, Emilia Sousa, Madalena Pinto, and Elisabete R.\u00a0Silva have the patent application \u201cXanthonic compounds and their use as antifouling agents\u201d pending to International Application No. PCT\/IB2019\/059886: European patent application EP 19827808.7; United States patent application US\u00a017\/297,347; China patent application CH\u00a0201980083159.5.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}