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Element concentration (A: 10\u2013190 \u03bcg\/L), wastewater salinity (B: 15\u201335), and <jats:italic>Ulva<\/jats:italic> sp. dosage (C: 1.0\u20135.0 g\/L) were the operating parameters chosen for optimization. Analysis of the Box\u2013Behnken central point confirmed the reproducibility of the methodology and <jats:italic>p-<\/jats:italic>values below 0.0001 validated the developed mathematical models. The largest inter-element differences were observed at 24 h, with most REEs, Cu, Pb and Hg showing removals \u2265 50 %. The factor with the greatest impact (positive) on element removal was the initial seaweed dosage (ANOVA, <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). The optimal conditions for REEs removal were an initial REEs concentration of 10 \u03bcg\/L, at a wastewater salinity of 15, and an <jats:italic>Ulva<\/jats:italic> sp. dosage of 5.0 g\/L, attaining removals up to 88\u00a0% in 24 h. Extending the time to 96 h allowed seaweed dosage to be reduced to 4.2 g\/L while achieving removals \u2265 90\u00a0%. The high concentrations in REE-enriched biomass (\u2211REEs of 3222 \u03bcg\/g), which are up to 3000 times higher than those originally found in water and exceed those in common ores, support their use as an alternative source of these critical raw materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-29088-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T05:02:01Z","timestamp":1691989321000},"page":"96617-96628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Eco-friendly methodology for removing and recovering rare earth elements from saline industrial wastewater"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Thainara","family":"Viana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela S.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Abdolvaseei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eduarda","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6472-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"29088_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120845","volume":"380","author":"EL Afonso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Afonso EL, Carvalho L, Fateixa S, Amorim CO, Amaral VS, Vale C, Pereira E, Silva CM, Trindade T, Lopes CB (2019) Can contaminated waters or wastewater be alternative sources for technology-critical elements? 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