{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T18:07:55Z","timestamp":1774894075011,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"53","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05037\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005727","name":"Universidade de Coimbra","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the framework of an environmental Kuznets curve, the linkage between shadow economy and carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) emissions was evaluated for 145 countries from 1991 to 2017. In assessing the effect of the shadow economy on CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions, we used panel quantile regression, panel fixed effects, and panel smooth transition regression as estimation methods. In addition, to deal with parameter heterogeneity, we resorted to the procedure of Lin and Ng (2012). We found two country groups that share homogeneous parameters. No environmental Kuznets curve was found for the set of all countries. Nevertheless, one was found for each of the homogeneous parameter country groups. This result supports different turning points for different groups of countries. Shadow economy contributed to reducing CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions in group 1 and aggravated it in group 2. Manufacturing was revealed to be statistically significant for the countries of group 1. Fossil fuel rents increased the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions, mainly in group 2. Urbanization contributed to the hike of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions in both country groups but much more intensely for group 1. Evidence of a tendency for decreasing CO2 emissions was also found, reflecting the efficiency gains over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30385-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T11:02:26Z","timestamp":1697799746000},"page":"114336-114357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["On the link between shadow economy and carbon dioxide emissions: an analysis of homogeneous groups of countries"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5687-3818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Fuinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Shirazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"30385_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.112888","volume":"164","author":"OB Adekoya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adekoya OB, Ajayi GE, Suhrab M, Oliyide JA (2022) How critical are resource rents, agriculture, growth, and renewable energy to environmental degradation in the resource-rich African countries? The role of institutional quality. Energy Policy 164:112888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.112888","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"30385_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2021.106603","volume":"89","author":"M Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmad M, Ahmed Z, Majeed A, Huang B (2021) An environmental impact assessment of economic complexity and energy consumption: does institutional quality make a difference? Environ Impact Assess Rev 89:106603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eiar.2021.106603","journal-title":"Environ Impact Assess Rev"},{"key":"30385_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144527","volume":"765","author":"M Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmad M, I\u015f\u0131k C, Jabeen G, Ali T, Ozturk I, Atchike DW (2021) Heterogeneous links among urban concentration, non-renewable energy use intensity, economic development, and environmental emissions across regional development levels. Sci Total Environ 765:144527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144527","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"30385_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2021.09.012","volume":"105","author":"M Ahmad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad M, Ahmed Z, Yang X, Hussain N, Sinha A (2022) Financial development and environmental degradation: do human capital and institutional quality make a difference? Gondwana Res 105:299\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gr.2021.09.012","journal-title":"Gondwana Res"},{"key":"30385_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2020.101677","volume":"67","author":"Z Ahmed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmed Z, Asghar MM, Malik MN, Nawaz K (2020) Moving towards a sustainable environment: the dynamic linkage between natural resources, human capital, urbanization, economic growth, and ecological footprint in China. Resour Policy 67:101677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2020.101677","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"key":"30385_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102064","volume":"55","author":"Z Ahmed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmed Z, Zafar MW, Ali S (2020) Linking urbanization, human capital, and the ecological footprint in G7 countries: an empirical analysis. Sustain Cities Soc 55:102064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102064","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"30385_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102365","volume":"74","author":"Q Ali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ali Q, Yaseen MR, Anwar S, Makhdum MSA, Khan MTI (2021) The impact of tourism, renewable energy, and economic growth on ecological footprint and natural 7resources: a panel data analysis. Resour Policy 74:102365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102365","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"key":"30385_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.03.004","volume":"84","author":"U Al-Mulali","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Mulali U, Ozturk I (2015) The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy 84:382\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2015.03.004","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"30385_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.139","volume":"685","author":"AA Alola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alola AA, Bekun FV, Sarkodie SA (2019) Dynamic impact of trade policy, economic growth, fertility rate, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint in Europe. Sci Total Environ 685:702\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.139","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"30385_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7003.485","volume":"311","author":"DG Altman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Altman DG, Bland JM (1995) Statistics notes: absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. BMJ Clinic Res 311:485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.311.7003.485","journal-title":"BMJ Clinic Res"},{"key":"30385_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.064","volume":"189","author":"R Alvarado","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alvarado R, Ponce P, Criollo A, C\u00f3rdova K, Khan MK (2018) Environmental degradation and real per capita output: new evidence at the global level grouping countries by income levels. J Clean Prod 189:13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.064","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"30385_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125589","volume":"288","author":"R Alvarado","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alvarado R, Ortiz C, Jim\u00e9nez N, Ochoa-Jim\u00e9nez D, Tillaguango B (2021) Ecological footprint, air quality and research and development: the role of agriculture and international trade. J Clean Prod 288:125589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125589","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"2","key":"30385_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00644-x","volume":"23","author":"M Azam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azam M, Liu L, Ahmad N (2021) Impact of institutional quality on environment and energy consumption: evidence from developing world. Environ Dev Sustain 23(2):1646\u20131667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10668-020-00644-x","journal-title":"Environ Dev Sustain"},{"key":"30385_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2016.03.008","volume":"121","author":"S Baksi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baksi S, Bose P (2016) Informal sector, regulatory compliance, and leakage. J Dev Econ 121:166\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2016.03.008","journal-title":"J Dev Econ"},{"key":"30385_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baksi S, Bose P, Law MT (2021) Coercion, obnoxious tasks, and economic efficiency. J Inst Theor Econ (JITE) 177(1):120\u2013134. http:\/\/economics.uwinnipeg.ca\/RePEc\/winwop\/2020-01.pdf","DOI":"10.1628\/jite-2020-0051"},{"key":"30385_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.028","volume":"678","author":"MA Baloch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baloch MA, Mahmood N, Zhang JW (2019) Effect of natural resources, renewable energy and economic development on CO2 emissions in BRICS countries. Sci Total Environ 678:632\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.028","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"30385_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/WJSTSD-01-2018-0007","author":"UJ Banday","year":"2019","unstructured":"Banday UJ, Aneja R (2019) Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions: evidence from G7 countries. World J Sci Technol Sustain Dev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/WJSTSD-01-2018-0007","journal-title":"World J Sci Technol Sustain Dev"},{"key":"30385_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.02.008","volume":"183","author":"S Bano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bano S, Zhao Y, Ahmad A, Wang S, Liu Y (2018) Identifying the impacts of human capital on carbon emissions in Pakistan. J Clean Prod 183:1082\u20131092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.02.008","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"30385_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.10.060","volume":"125","author":"R Benkraiem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benkraiem R, Lahiani A, Miloudi A, Shahbaz M (2019) The asymmetric role of shadow economy in the energy-growth nexus in Bolivia. Energy Policy 125:405\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.10.060","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"30385_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2018.03.011","volume":"90","author":"AM Bento","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bento AM, Jacobsen MR, Liu AA (2018) Environmental policy in the presence of an informal sector. J Environ Econ Manag 90:61\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jeem.2018.03.011","journal-title":"J Environ Econ Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"30385_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.2017.1421545","volume":"37","author":"M Campello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Campello M, Galv\u00e3o AF, Juhl T (2019) Testing for slope heterogeneity bias in panel data models. J Bus Econ Statistics 37(4):749\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07350015.2017.1421545","journal-title":"J Bus Econ Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"30385_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1368-423X.2011.00349.x","volume":"14","author":"IA Canay","year":"2011","unstructured":"Canay IA (2011) A simple approach to quantile regression for panel data. Econ J 14(3):368\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1368-423X.2011.00349.x","journal-title":"Econ J"},{"key":"30385_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Canh NP (2019) Global emissions: a new contribution from the shadow economy. 670216917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32479\/ijeep.7244","DOI":"10.32479\/ijeep.7244"},{"key":"30385_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.120210","volume":"225","author":"NP Canh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Canh NP, Schinckus C, Thanh SD, Chong FHL (2021) The determinants of the energy consumption: a shadow economy-based perspective. Energy 225:120210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2021.120210","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"30385_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125637","volume":"288","author":"AA Chandio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chandio AA, Jiang Y, Akram W, Adeel S, Irfan M, Jan I (2021) Addressing the effect of climate change in the framework of financial and technological development on cereal production in Pakistan. J Clean Prod 288:125637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125637","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"2","key":"30385_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.11130\/jei.2006.21.2.363","volume":"21","author":"S Chaudhuri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chaudhuri S, Mukhopadhyay U (2006) Pollution and informal sector: a theoretical analysis. J Econ Integr 21(2):363\u2013378","journal-title":"J Econ Integr"},{"key":"30385_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s13412-022-00756-y","volume":"12","author":"LK Chu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chu LK (2022) The impact of informal economy on technological innovation\u2013ecological footprint nexus in OECD countries: new evidence from panel quantile regression. J Environ Stud Sci 12:515\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13412-022-00756-y","journal-title":"J Environ Stud Sci"},{"key":"30385_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2018.09.004","volume":"75","author":"SA Churchill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Churchill SA, Inekwe J, Ivanovski K, Smyth R (2018) The environmental Kuznets curve in the OECD: 1870\u20132014. Energy Econ 75:389\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eneco.2018.09.004","journal-title":"Energy Econ"},{"key":"30385_CR29","unstructured":"Colletaz G, Hurlin C (2006) Threshold effects in the public capital productivity: an international panel smooth transition approach. LEO, HAL Id: halshs-00008056. URL: https:\/\/halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr\/halshs-00008056"},{"key":"30385_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Danish ZW (2019) Investigation of the ecological footprint\u2019s driving factors: what we learn from the experience of emerging economies. Sustain. Cities Soc 49.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101626"},{"issue":"4","key":"30385_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-03-2013-0121","volume":"17","author":"V De Marchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Marchi V, Grandinetti R (2013) Knowledge strategies for environmental innovations: the case of Italian manufacturing firms. J Knowl Manag 17(4):569\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JKM-03-2013-0121","journal-title":"J Knowl Manag"},{"issue":"13","key":"30385_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14477","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07693-9","volume":"27","author":"Q Deng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deng Q, Alvarado R, Toledo E, Caraguay L (2020) Greenhouse gas emissions, non-renewable energy consumption, and output in South America: the role of the productive structure. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(13):14477\u201314491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-020-07693-9","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"30385_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017","volume":"650","author":"MA Destek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Destek MA, Sarkodie SA (2019) Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: the role of energy and financial development. Sci Total Environ 650:2483\u20132489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"30385_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118537","volume":"242","author":"MA Destek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Destek MA, Sinha A (2020) Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: evidence from organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries. J Clean Prod 242:118537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118537","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"4","key":"30385_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011","volume":"49","author":"S Dinda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dinda S (2004) Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecol Econ 49(4):431\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011","journal-title":"Ecol Econ"},{"key":"30385_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.10.066","volume":"183","author":"N Djellouli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Djellouli N, Abdelli L, Elheddad M, Ahmed R, Mahmood H (2022) The effects of non-renewable energy, renewable energy, economic growth, and foreign direct investment on the sustainability of African countries. Renew Energy 183:676\u2013686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2021.10.066","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"30385_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03566","volume":"6","author":"E Dogan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dogan E, Tzeremes P, Altinoz B (2020) Revisiting the nexus among carbon emissions, energy consumption and total factor productivity in African countries: new evidence from nonparametric quantile causality approach. Heliyon 6(3):e03566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03566","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"4","key":"30385_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1162\/003465398557825","volume":"80","author":"JC Driscoll","year":"1998","unstructured":"Driscoll JC, Kraay AC (1998) Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Rev Econ Stat 80(4):549\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/003465398557825","journal-title":"Rev Econ Stat"},{"issue":"6","key":"30385_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/JGIM.288549","volume":"30","author":"Z Du","year":"2021","unstructured":"Du Z, Zheng L, Lin B (2021) Does rent-seeking affect environmental regulation?: Evidence from the survey data of private enterprises in China. J Global Inf Manag (JGIM) 30(6):1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/JGIM.288549","journal-title":"J Global Inf Manag (JGIM)"},{"key":"30385_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49627","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14204-x","volume":"28","author":"T Ebrahimi Salari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ebrahimi Salari T, Roumiani A, Kazemzadeh E (2021) Globalization, renewable energy consumption, and agricultural production impacts on ecological footprint in emerging countries: using quantile regression approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:49627\u201349641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-14204-x","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"30385_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elgin C, Kose MA, Ohnsorge F, Yu S (2021) Understanding informality. CERP Discussion Paper 16497, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London. Available at https:\/\/cepr.org\/active\/publications\/discussion_papers\/dp.php?dpno=16497","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3914265"},{"key":"30385_CR42","first-page":"62","volume":"9","author":"C Elgin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Elgin C, Mazhar U (2013) Environmental regulation, pollution and the informal economy. SBP Res Bull 9:62\u201381","journal-title":"SBP Res Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"30385_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecosys.2013.11.002","volume":"38","author":"C Elgin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elgin C, Oztunali O (2014) Pollution and informal economy. Econ Syst 38(3):333\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecosys.2013.11.002","journal-title":"Econ Syst"},{"issue":"19","key":"30385_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08520-x","volume":"27","author":"S Erdogan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Erdogan S, Okumus I, Guzel AE (2020) Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in OECD countries: the role of renewable, non-renewable energy, and oil prices. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(19):23655\u201323663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-020-08520-x","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"30385_CR45","unstructured":"Fleming MH, Roman J, Farrell G (2000) The shadow economy. J Int Aff 53(2):387\u2013409. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23000617"},{"issue":"2","key":"30385_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2007.06.008","volume":"25","author":"J Fouquau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fouquau J, Hurlin C, Rabaud I (2008) The Feldstein-Horioka puzzle: a panel smooth transition regression approach. Econ Model 25(2):284\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econmod.2007.06.008","journal-title":"Econ Model"},{"issue":"C","key":"30385_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.07.082","volume":"62","author":"JA Fuinhas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuinhas JA, Marques AC (2013) Rentierism, energy and economic growth: the case of Algeria and Egypt (1965\u20132010). Energy Policy 62(C):1165\u20131171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.07.082","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"30385_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecosys.2013.04.002","volume":"37","author":"RK Goel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goel RK, Herrala R, Mazhar U (2013) Institutional quality and environmental pollution: MENA countries versus the rest of the world. Econ Syst 37(4):508\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecosys.2013.04.002","journal-title":"Econ Syst"},{"key":"30385_CR49","unstructured":"Gonzalez A, Ter\u00e4svirta T, Van Dijk D (2005) Panel smooth transition regression models. Quantitative Finance Research Centre, Research Paper 165, August, 34. URL: https:\/\/www.uts.edu.au\/sites\/default\/files\/qfr-archive-02\/QFR-rp165.pdf"},{"key":"30385_CR50","unstructured":"Gyomai G, van de Ven P (2014) The non-observed economy in the system of national accounts. OECD Statistics Brief, 18, 1\u201312. URL: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/sdd\/na\/Statistics%20Brief%2018.pdf"},{"key":"30385_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124247","volume":"276","author":"AM Halliru","year":"2020","unstructured":"Halliru AM, Loganathan N, Hassan AAG, Mardani A, Kamyab H (2020) Re-examining the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the economic community of West African states: a panel quantile regression approach. J Clean Prod 276:124247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124247","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"30385_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691218632","volume-title":"Times series analysis","author":"JD Hamilton","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hamilton JD (1994) Times series analysis. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey"},{"issue":"2","key":"30385_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(99)00025-1","volume":"93","author":"BE Hansen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hansen BE (1999) Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: estimation, testing, and inference. Journal of Econometrics 93(2):345\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-4076(99)00025-1","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"30385_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.2307\/1913827","volume":"46","author":"JA Hausman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hausman JA (1978) Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica 46(6):1251\u20131271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1913827","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"30385_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127059","volume":"304","author":"M Hussain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hussain M, Dogan E (2021) The role of institutional quality and environment-related technologies in environmental degradation for BRICS. J Clean Prod 304:127059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127059","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"3","key":"30385_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2020.1788171","volume":"43","author":"M Hussain","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hussain M, Mir GM, Usman M, Ye C, Mansoor S (2020) Analysing the role of environment-related technologies and carbon emissions in emerging economies: a step towards sustainable development. Environ Technol 43(3):367\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09593330.2020.1788171","journal-title":"Environ Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"30385_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10018-019-00260-8","volume":"22","author":"CM Huynh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huynh CM (2020) Shadow economy and air pollution in developing Asia: what is the role of fiscal policy? Environ Econ Policy Stud 22(3):357\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10018-019-00260-8","journal-title":"Environ Econ Policy Stud"},{"key":"30385_CR58","unstructured":"International Resource Panel. Global Resources Outlook (2019) Natural Resources for the Future We Want. Accessed from 2019. http:\/\/file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/HP%20LAPTOP\/Downloads\/GRO_2019.pdf"},{"issue":"25","key":"30385_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32648","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12993-9","volume":"28","author":"C I\u015f\u0131k","year":"2021","unstructured":"I\u015f\u0131k C, Ahmad M, Ongan S, Ozdemir D, Irfan M, Alvarado R (2021) Convergence analysis of the ecological footprint: theory and empirical evidence from the USMCA countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(25):32648\u201332659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12993-9","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"30385_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2007.04.012","volume":"35","author":"F Karanfil","year":"2007","unstructured":"Karanfil F, Ozkaya A (2007) Estimation of real GDP and unrecorded economy in Turkey based on environmental data. Energy Policy 35(10):4902\u20134908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2007.04.012","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"30385_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1108\/IMEFM-02-2019-0054","volume":"13","author":"S Katircioglu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katircioglu S, Imamoglu H (2020) Spillover effects of financial development on the informal economic activity: empirical evidence from Turkey. Int J Islam Middle East Financ Manag 13(3):471\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IMEFM-02-2019-0054","journal-title":"Int J Islam Middle East Financ Manag"},{"key":"30385_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.01.085","volume":"7","author":"H Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan H, Weili L, Khan I (2021) Recent advances in energy usage and environmental degradation: does quality institutions matter? A worldwide evidence. Energy Rep 7:1091\u20131103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.01.085","journal-title":"Energy Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"30385_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07956-5","volume":"27","author":"C K\u00f6ksal","year":"2020","unstructured":"K\u00f6ksal C, I\u015fik M, Katircio\u011flu S (2020) The role of shadow economies in ecological footprint quality: empirical evidence from Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(12):13457\u201313466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-020-07956-5","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"30385_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102482","volume":"63","author":"Z Langnel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Langnel Z, Amegavi GB (2020) Globalization, electricity consumption and ecological footprint: an autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) approach. Sustain Cities Soc 63:102482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102482","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"30385_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102255","volume":"74","author":"Z Langnel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Langnel Z, Amegavi GB, Donkor P, Mensah JK (2021) Income inequality, human capital, natural resource abundance, and ecological footprint in ECOWAS member countries. Resour Policy 74:102255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102255","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"30385_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3390\/cli7080095","volume":"7","author":"JA Lassa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lassa JA (2019) Negotiating institutional pathways for sustaining climate change resilience and risk governance in Indonesia. Climate 7(8):95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cli7080095","journal-title":"Climate"},{"key":"30385_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.04.020","volume":"6","author":"HP Le","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le HP, Sarkodie SA (2020) Dynamic linkage between renewable and conventional energy use, environmental quality and economic growth: evidence from emerging market and developing economies. Energy Rep 6:965\u2013973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.04.020","journal-title":"Energy Rep"},{"key":"30385_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2018.03.006","volume":"50","author":"J Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li J, Sun C (2018) Towards a low carbon economy by removing fossil fuel subsidies? China Econ Rev 50:17\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chieco.2018.03.006","journal-title":"China Econ Rev"},{"key":"30385_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2021.105194","volume":"97","author":"G Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li G, Wei W (2021) Financial development, openness, innovation, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China. Energy Economics 97:105194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eneco.2021.105194","journal-title":"Energy Economics"},{"key":"30385_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2015.04.014","volume":"50","author":"B Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin B, Du K (2015) Measuring energy rebound effect in the Chinese economy: an economic accounting approach. Energy Econ 50:96\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eneco.2015.04.014","journal-title":"Energy Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"30385_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1515\/2156-6674.1000","volume":"1","author":"C-C Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin C-C, Ng S (2012) Estimation of panel data models with parameter heterogeneity when group membership is unknown. In J Econ Methods 1(1):42\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/2156-6674.1000","journal-title":"In J Econ Methods"},{"key":"30385_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3502028","author":"L Medina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Medina L, Schneider FG (2019) Shedding light on the shadow economy: a global database and the interaction with the official one. SSRN Electron J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3502028","journal-title":"SSRN Electron J"},{"key":"30385_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/C2012-0-06543-X","author":"S Momtaz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Momtaz S, Kabir Z (2013) Evaluating environmental and social impact assessment in developing countries. Elsevier. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/C2012-0-06543-X","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"key":"30385_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122709","volume":"272","author":"S Nathaniel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nathaniel S, Khan SAR (2020) The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy, trade, and ecological footprint in ASEAN countries. J Clean Prod 272:122709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122709","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"4","key":"30385_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-020-00685-7","volume":"12","author":"H Nkengfack","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nkengfack H, Kaffo Fotio H, Totouom A (2021) How does the shadow economy affect environmental quality in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from heterogeneous panel estimations. J Knowl Econ 12(4):1635\u20131651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13132-020-00685-7","journal-title":"J Knowl Econ"},{"key":"30385_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102435","volume":"74","author":"ST Onifade","year":"2021","unstructured":"Onifade ST, Gyamfi BA, Haouas I, Bekun FV (2021) Re-examining the roles of economic globalization and natural resources consequences on environmental degradation in E7 economies: are human capital and urbanization essential components? Resour Policy 74:102435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102435","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"key":"30385_CR77","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2012). Working party on national accounts. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/officialdocuments\/publicdisplaydocumentpdf\/?cote=STD\/CSTAT\/WPNA(2012)21&docLanguage=En"},{"key":"30385_CR78","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2014). OECD statistics brief, 18. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/sdd\/na\/Statistics%20Brief%2018.pdf"},{"key":"30385_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.114663","volume":"308","author":"C Ortiz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ortiz C, Alvarado R, M\u00e9ndez P, Flores-Chamba J (2022) Environmental impact of the shadow economy, globalisation, and human capital: capturing spillovers effects using spatial panel data approach. J Environ Manage 308:114663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.114663","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"30385_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.09.025","volume":"44","author":"B Ozcan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ozcan B, Ulucak R, Dogan E (2019) Analyzing long lasting effects of environmental policies: evidence from low, middle and high income economies. Sustain Cities Soc 44:130\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2018.09.025","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"30385_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2019.04.010","volume":"84","author":"B Ozcan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ozcan B, Tzeremes PG, Tzeremes NG (2020) Energy consumption, economic growth and environmental degradation in OECD countries. Econ Model 84:203\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econmod.2019.04.010","journal-title":"Econ Model"},{"key":"30385_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.18574\/9781479862689","volume":"24","author":"T Panayotou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Panayotou T (2016) Economic growth and the environment. Environ Anthropol 24:140\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18574\/9781479862689","journal-title":"Environ Anthropol"},{"issue":"285","key":"30385_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124864","volume":"20","author":"J Pang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pang J, Li N, Mu H, Zhang M (2021) Empirical analysis of the interplay between shadow economy and pollution: with panel data across the provinces of China. J Clean Prod 20(285):124864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124864","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"1","key":"30385_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10446-3","volume":"28","author":"UK Pata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pata UK (2021) Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic complexity, CO2 emissions, and ecological footprint in the USA: testing the EKC hypothesis with a structural break. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(1):846\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-020-10446-3","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"30385_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119220","volume":"216","author":"UK Pata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pata UK, Caglar AE (2021) Investigating the EKC hypothesis with renewable energy consumption, human capital, globalization and trade openness for China: evidence from augmented ARDL approach with a structural break. Energy 216:119220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119220","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"S1","key":"30385_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0084.0610s1653","volume":"61","author":"P Pedroni","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pedroni P (1999) Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bull Econ Stat 61(S1):653\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1468-0084.0610s1653","journal-title":"Oxford Bull Econ Stat"},{"issue":"2","key":"30385_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.951","volume":"22","author":"MH Pesaran","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pesaran MH (2007) A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. J Appl Econ 22(2):265\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jae.951","journal-title":"J Appl Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"30385_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00181-020-01875-7","volume":"60","author":"MH Pesaran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pesaran MH (2021) General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Empir Econ 60(1):13\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00181-020-01875-7","journal-title":"Empir Econ"},{"issue":"19","key":"30385_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05405-6","volume":"26","author":"P Ponce","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ponce P, Alvarado R (2019) Air pollution, output, FDI, trade openness, and urbanization: evidence using DOLS and PDOLS cointegration techniques and causality. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(19):19843\u201319858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-019-05405-6","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"30385_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1080\/15435075.2021.1880912","volume":"18","author":"MZ Rafique","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rafique MZ, Do\u011fan B, Husain S, Huang S, Shahzad U (2021) Role of economic complexity to induce renewable energy: contextual evidence from G7 and E7 countries. Int J Green Energy 18(7):745\u2013754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15435075.2021.1880912","journal-title":"Int J Green Energy"},{"key":"30385_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109742","volume":"253","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahman MM (2020) Environmental degradation: the role of electricity consumption, economic growth and globalisation. J Environ Manag 253:109742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109742","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"key":"30385_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2021.105241","volume":"98","author":"YS Ren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ren YS, Ma CQ, Apergis N, Sharp B (2021) Responses of carbon emissions to corruption across Chinese provinces. Energy Econ 98:105241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eneco.2021.105241","journal-title":"Energy Econ"},{"issue":"3","key":"30385_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2307\/2987935","volume":"32","author":"JP Royston","year":"1983","unstructured":"Royston JP (1983) A simple method for evaluating the Shapiro-Francia W\u2019 test of non-normality. J Royal Stat Soc: Ser D 32(3):297\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2987935","journal-title":"J Royal Stat Soc: Ser D"},{"issue":"04","key":"30385_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217590817400331","volume":"62","author":"M Shahbaz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shahbaz M, Khan S, Ali A, Bhattacharya M (2017) The impact of globalization on CO2 emissions in China. Singap Econ Rev 62(04):929\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0217590817400331","journal-title":"Singap Econ Rev"},{"key":"30385_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123806","volume":"279","author":"U Shahzad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shahzad U, Fareed Z, Shahzad F, Shahzad K (2021) Investigating the nexus between economic complexity, energy consumption and ecological footprint for the United States: new insights from quantile methods. J Clean Prod 279:123806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123806","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"12","key":"30385_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6539","DOI":"10.3390\/su13126539","volume":"13","author":"J Shao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shao J, Tillaguango B, Alvarado R, Ochoa-Moreno S, Alvarado-Espejo S (2021) Environmental impact of the shadow economy, globalisation, trade and market size: evidence using linear and non-linear methods. Sustainability 13(12):6539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13126539","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"30385_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28829","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18352-y","volume":"29","author":"M Shirazi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shirazi M, \u0160imurina J (2022) Dynamic behavioral characteristics of carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption: the role of shale technology. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:28829\u201328853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-18352-y","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"30385_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12690-7","volume":"28","author":"MT Sohail","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sohail MT, Ullah S, Majeed MT, Usman A, Andlib Z (2021) The shadow economy in South Asia: dynamic effects on clean energy consumption and environmental pollution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(23):29265\u201329275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12690-7","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"30385_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.130543","volume":"339","author":"X Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su X, Li Y, Fang K, Long Y (2022) Does China\u2019s direct investment in \u201cBelt and Road Initiative\u201d countries decrease their carbon dioxide emissions? J Clean Prod 339:130543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.130543","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"30385_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sultana N, Rahman MM, Khanam R, Kabir Z (2022) Environmental quality and its nexus with informal economy, corruption control, energy use, and socioeconomic aspects: the perspective of emerging economies. Heliyon 8(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09569"},{"key":"30385_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14745-1","volume":"28","author":"B Tillaguango","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tillaguango B, Alvarado R, Dagar V, Murshed M, Pinz\u00f3n Y, Mend\u00e9z P (2021) Convergence of the ecological footprint in Latin America: the role of the productive structure. Environ Sci Policy Res 28:59771\u201359783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-14745-1","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy Res"},{"key":"30385_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113073","volume":"295","author":"A Ullah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ullah A, Ahmed M, Raza SA, Ali S (2021) A threshold approach to sustainable development: nonlinear relationship between renewable energy consumption, natural resource rent, and ecological footprint. J Environ Manage 295:113073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113073","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"30385_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111433","volume":"150","author":"R Ulucak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ulucak R (2021) Renewable energy, technological innovation and the environment: a novel dynamic auto-regressive distributive lag simulation. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 150:111433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111433","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"30385_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101996","volume":"54","author":"R Ulucak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ulucak R, Khan SUD (2020) Determinants of the ecological footprint: role of renewable energy, natural resources, and urbanization. Sustain Cities Soc 54:101996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101996","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"30385_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.05.020","volume":"80","author":"R Ulucak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ulucak R, Lin D (2017) Persistence of policy shocks to ecological footprint of the USA. Ecol Ind 80:337\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.05.020","journal-title":"Ecol Ind"},{"key":"30385_CR106","unstructured":"United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2008). Non-observed economy in national accounts: survey of country practices. URL: https:\/\/unece.org\/fileadmin\/DAM\/stats\/publications\/NOE2008.pdf"},{"issue":"42","key":"30385_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59988","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14931-1","volume":"28","author":"O Usman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Usman O, Rafindadi AA, Sarkodie SA (2021) Conflicts and ecological footprint in MENA countries: implications for sustainable terrestrial ecosystem. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(42):59988\u201359999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-14931-1","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"30385_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2019.104510","volume":"87","author":"H Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang H, Wei W (2020) Coordinating technological progress and environmental regulation in CO2 mitigation: the optimal levels for OECD countries & emerging economies. Energy Econ 87:104510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eneco.2019.104510","journal-title":"Energy Econ"},{"key":"30385_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.10.143","volume":"54","author":"Y Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang Y, Han R, Kubota J (2016) Is there an environmental Kuznets curve for SO2 emissions? A semi-parametric panel data analysis for China. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 54:1182\u20131188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2015.10.143","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"issue":"16","key":"30385_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16162871","volume":"16","author":"S Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang S, Yuan Y, Wang H (2019) Corruption, hidden economy and environmental pollution: a spatial econometric analysis based on China\u2019s provincial panel data. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(16):2871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16162871","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"30385_CR111","unstructured":"World Bank Open Data (2021) URL: http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/. Accessed 4th November 2021"},{"key":"30385_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2019.101428","volume":"63","author":"MW Zafar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zafar MW, Zaidi SAH, Khan NR, Mirza FM, Hou F, Kirmani SAA (2019) The impact of natural resources, human capital, and foreign direct investment on the ecological footprint: the case of the United States. Resour Policy 63:101428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2019.101428","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"key":"30385_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.06.048","volume":"49","author":"C Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang C, Lin Y (2012) Panel estimation for urbanization, energy consumption and CO2 emissions: a regional analysis in China. Energy Policy 49:488\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.06.048","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"30385_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2020.03.008","volume":"11","author":"M Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang M, Liu X, Sun X, Wang W (2020) The influence of multiple environmental regulations on haze pollution: evidence from China. Atmos Pollut Res 11(6):170\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apr.2020.03.008","journal-title":"Atmos Pollut Res"},{"key":"30385_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.3390\/su11102802","volume":"11","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Z (2019) The underground economy and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in China. Sustainability 11:2802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su11102802","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"30385_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109274","volume":"248","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Zhang X, Shao Q, Wang X (2019) The non-linear effect of environmental regulation on haze pollution: empirical evidence for 277 Chinese cities during 2002\u20132010. J Environ Manage 248:109274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109274","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-023-30385-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-023-30385-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-023-30385-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T11:45:20Z","timestamp":1700567120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-023-30385-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"53","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["30385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-023-30385-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that this study follows the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All the authors agree with the content of the present study and gave explicit consent to submit. All needed authorizations to submit were obtained.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors agree with the content of the present study and gave explicit consent to publish.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}