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This study aims to assess the SMX and TRIM ecotoxicological effects in standard species: <jats:italic>Aliivibrio fischeri<\/jats:italic> (bioluminescence inhibition), <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> ATCC 25922 (growth inhibition), <jats:italic>Lemna minor<\/jats:italic> (growth inhibition and biochemical biomarkers), <jats:italic>Daphnia magna<\/jats:italic> (immobilization\/mortality, life history traits, and biochemical biomarkers), and <jats:italic>Danio rerio<\/jats:italic> (survival, hatching, abnormalities, and biochemical biomarkers). The species tested showed different acute sensitivities to SMX (<jats:italic>A. fischeri<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>D. magna<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>L. minor<\/jats:italic>) and TRIM (<jats:italic>L. minor<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>A. fischeri<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>D. magna<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>)<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> Overall, TRIM reveals less toxicity than SMX, except for <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (Ecotoxicological approach based on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing \u2013 EcoAST procedure). Both antibiotics affect individually (e.g., growth and survival) and sub-individually (e.g., antioxidant defenses) <jats:italic>L. minor<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>D. magna<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>D. rerio<\/jats:italic>. This study allowed us to generate relevant data and fill gaps in the literature regarding the effects of SMX and TRIM in aquatic organisms. The here-obtained results can be used to (i) complete and re-evaluate the Safety Data Sheet to improve the assessment of environmental safety and management of national and international entities; (ii) clarify the environmental risks of these antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems reinforcing the inclusion in the 4th Watch List of priority substances to be monitored in whole inland waters by the Water Framework Directive; and (iii) combat the development of antimicrobial resistance, as well as supporting the definition of environmental measurements in the context of European One Health Action Plan. However, it is essential to continue studying these antibiotics to better understand their toxicity at ecologically relevant concentrations and their long-term effects under different climatic change scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-34659-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T02:02:00Z","timestamp":1723600920000},"page":"52233-52252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["From bacteria to fish: ecotoxicological insights into sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"B\u00e1rbara S.","family":"Diogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Golovko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6686-9919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara C.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"34659_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01643691","volume":"19","author":"J Aagaard","year":"1991","unstructured":"Aagaard J, Madsen PO, Rhodes P, Gasser T (1991) MICs of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim for Escherichia coli: influence of pH, inoculum size and various body fluids. 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