{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:21:50Z","timestamp":1792783310092,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"L-Nutra, Inc."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AG094848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG094848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cedars-Sinai Medical Center","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02pammg90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeroScience"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-02035-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T01:14:09Z","timestamp":1765415649000},"page":"7083-7093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of fasting-mimicking diet on markers of autophagy and metabolic health in human subjects"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1116-302X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara E.","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manpreet","family":"Semwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Lauzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam B.","family":"Salmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Musi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2035_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa085","volume":"79","author":"JL Dorling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dorling JL, van Vliet S, Huffman KM, Kraus WE, Bhapkar M, Pieper CF, et al. Effects of caloric restriction on human physiological, psychological, and behavioral outcomes: highlights from CALERIE phase 2. Nutr Rev. 2020;79(1):98\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa085.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"8034","key":"2035_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08026-3","volume":"634","author":"A Di Francesco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Di Francesco A, Deighan AG, Litichevskiy L, Chen Z, Luciano A, Robinson L, et al. Dietary restriction impacts health and lifespan of genetically diverse mice. Nature. 2024;634(8034):684\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-08026-3.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2035_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2005.09.001","volume":"127","author":"AJ Dirks","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dirks AJ, Leeuwenburgh C. Caloric restriction in humans: potential pitfalls and health concerns. Mech Ageing Dev. 2006;127(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mad.2005.09.001.","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"2035_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-020-01362-4","volume":"20","author":"AN Crupi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Crupi AN, Haase J, Brandhorst S, Longo VD. Periodic and intermittent fasting in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Curr Diab Rep. 2020;20:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2035_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00411-4","volume":"23","author":"CL Green","year":"2022","unstructured":"Green CL, Lamming DW, Fontana L. Molecular mechanisms of dietary restriction promoting health and longevity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2022;23(1):56\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-021-00411-4.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2035_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-020-01362-4","volume":"20","author":"AN Crupi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Crupi AN, Haase J, Brandhorst S, Longo VD. Periodic and intermittent fasting in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Curr Diab Rep. 2020;20(12):83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-020-01362-4. (PubMed PMID: 33301104).","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"2035_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aai8700","author":"M Wei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wei M, Brandhorst S, Shelehchi M, Mirzaei H, Cheng CW, Budniak J, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet and markers\/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Sci Transl Med. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aai8700.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2035_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.05.012","volume":"22","author":"S Brandhorst","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brandhorst S, Choi IY, Wei M, Cheng CW, Sedrakyan S, Navarrete G, et al. A periodic diet that mimics fasting promotes multi-system regeneration, enhanced cognitive performance, and healthspan. Cell Metab. 2015;22(1):86\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.05.012.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2035_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.040","volume":"168","author":"CW Cheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheng CW, Villani V, Buono R, Wei M, Kumar S, Yilmaz OH, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet promotes Ngn3-driven beta-cell regeneration to reverse diabetes. Cell. 2017;168(5):775-88 e12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.040.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"10","key":"2035_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2013.02.016","volume":"48","author":"S Brandhorst","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brandhorst S, Wei M, Hwang S, Morgan TE, Longo VD. Short-term calorie and protein restriction provide partial protection from chemotoxicity but do not delay glioma progression. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(10):1120\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2013.02.016.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2035_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45260-9","volume":"15","author":"S Brandhorst","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brandhorst S, Levine ME, Wei M, Shelehchi M, Morgan TE, Nayak KS, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet causes hepatic and blood markers changes indicating reduced biological age and disease risk. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):1309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-45260-9.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"2035_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.05.009","volume":"15","author":"IY Choi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choi IY, Piccio L, Childress P, Bollman B, Ghosh A, Brandhorst S, et al. A diet mimicking fasting promotes regeneration and reduces autoimmunity and multiple sclerosis symptoms. Cell Rep. 2016;15(10):2136\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.05.009.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2035_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00719-2","volume":"16","author":"ZL Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou ZL, Jia XB, Sun MF, Zhu YL, Qiao CM, Zhang BP, et al. Neuroprotection of fasting mimicking diet on MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice via gut microbiota and metabolites. Neurotherapeutics. 2019;16(3):741\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-019-00719-2.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2035_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16138-3","volume":"11","author":"S de Groot","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Groot S, Lugtenberg RT, Cohen D, Welters MJP, Ehsan I, Vreeswijk MPG, et al. Fasting mimicking diet as an adjunct to\u2009neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer in the multicentre randomized phase 2 DIRECT trial. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-16138-3.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"13","key":"2035_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111417","volume":"40","author":"P Rangan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rangan P, Lobo F, Parrella E, Rochette N, Morselli M, Stephen TL, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet cycles reduce neuroinflammation to attenuate cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s models. Cell Rep. 2022;40(13):111417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111417.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"2035_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.02.019","volume":"26","author":"P Rangan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rangan P, Choi I, Wei M, Navarrete G, Guen E, Brandhorst S, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet modulates microbiota and promotes intestinal regeneration to reduce inflammatory bowel disease pathology. Cell Rep. 2019;26(10):2704-19.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.02.019.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2035_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-020-00013-3","volume":"1","author":"VD Longo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Longo VD, Di Tano M, Mattson MP, Guidi M. Intermittent and periodic fasting, longevity and disease. Nat Aging. 2021;1(1):47\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43587-020-00013-3.","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"2035_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101971","author":"A Micarelli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Micarelli A, Mrakic-Sposta S, Vezzoli A, Malacrida S, Caputo S, Micarelli B, et al. Chemosensory and cardiometabolic improvements after a fasting-mimicking diet: a randomized cross-over clinical trial. Cell Rep Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101971.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"2035_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roos PR, van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, van Peet PG, Numans ME, Pijl H, Westenberg JJ, Lamb HJ. Fasting-mimicking diet in type 2 diabetes reduces myocardial triglyceride content: a 12-month randomised controlled trial. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2025:103860.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.103860"},{"issue":"8","key":"2035_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1474314","volume":"14","author":"M Mauthe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mauthe M, Orhon I, Rocchi C, Zhou X, Luhr M, Hijlkema KJ, et al. Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Autophagy. 2018;14(8):1435\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15548627.2018.1474314.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"10","key":"2035_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1846302","volume":"17","author":"J Bensalem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bensalem J, Hattersley KJ, Hein LK, Teong XT, Carosi JM, Hassiotis S, et al. Measurement of autophagic flux in humans: an optimized method for blood samples. Autophagy. 2021;17(10):3238\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15548627.2020.1846302.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"377","key":"2035_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aai8700","volume":"9","author":"M Wei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wei M, Brandhorst S, Shelehchi M, Mirzaei H, Cheng CW, Budniak J, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet and markers\/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(377):eaai8700.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2035_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.6.6.12376","volume":"6","author":"M Alirezaei","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alirezaei M, Kemball CC, Flynn CT, Wood MR, Whitton JL, Kiosses WB. Short-term fasting induces profound neuronal autophagy. Autophagy. 2010;6(6):702\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/auto.6.6.12376.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2035_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00317-7","volume":"43","author":"S Brandhorst","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brandhorst S. Fasting and fasting-mimicking diets for chemotherapy augmentation. Geroscience. 2021;43(3):1201\u201316.","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"2035_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00469-6","volume":"3","author":"A Mishra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mishra A, Mirzaei H, Guidi N, Vinciguerra M, Mouton A, Linardic M, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet prevents high-fat diet effect on cardiometabolic risk and lifespan. Nat Metab. 2021;3(10):1342\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42255-021-00469-6.","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"2035_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01051-2","volume":"20","author":"C Greenhill","year":"2024","unstructured":"Greenhill C. The complex effects of dietary restriction on longevity and health. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2024;20(12):697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-024-01051-2.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5976","key":"2035_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172539","volume":"328","author":"L Fontana","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fontana L, Partridge L, Longo VD. Extending healthy life span\u2014from yeast to humans. Science. 2010;328(5976):321\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1172539.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2035_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13071133","author":"V Boccardi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boccardi V, Pigliautile M, Guazzarini AG, Mecocci P. The potential of fasting-mimicking diet as a preventive and curative strategy for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Biomolecules. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom13071133.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"2035_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15030150","volume":"15","author":"AD Popa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Popa AD, Gherasim A, Mihalache L, Arhire LI, Graur M, Ni\u021b\u0103 O. Fasting mimicking diet for metabolic syndrome: a narrative review of human studies. Metabolites. 2025;15(3):150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo15030150.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"8","key":"2035_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.06.014","volume":"36","author":"C Vernieri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vernieri C, Ligorio F, Tripathy D, Longo VD. Cyclic fasting-mimicking diet in cancer treatment: preclinical and clinical evidence. Cell Metab. 2024;36(8):1644\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.06.014.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2035_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.02.017","volume":"47","author":"EL van den Burg","year":"2025","unstructured":"van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, van Peet PG, le Cessie S, Numans ME, Pijl H, et al. A fasting-mimicking diet programme reduces liver fat and liver inflammation\/fibrosis measured by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Nutr. 2025;47:136\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.02.017.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2035_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41066-3","volume":"14","author":"S Cortellino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cortellino S, Quagliariello V, Delfanti G, Bla\u017eevit\u0161 O, Chiodoni C, Maurea N, et al. Fasting mimicking diet in mice delays cancer growth and reduces immunotherapy-associated cardiovascular and systemic side effects. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):5529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-41066-3.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"2035_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2022.12.006","volume":"9","author":"O Bla\u017eevit\u0161","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bla\u017eevit\u0161 O, Di Tano M, Longo VD. Fasting and fasting mimicking diets in cancer prevention and therapy. Trends Cancer. 2023;9(3):212\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trecan.2022.12.006.","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"issue":"7817","key":"2035_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2502-7","volume":"583","author":"I Caffa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caffa I, Spagnolo V, Vernieri C, Valdemarin F, Becherini P, Wei M, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet and hormone therapy induce breast cancer regression. Nature. 2020;583(7817):620\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2502-7.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"24","key":"2035_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15245870","volume":"15","author":"R Buono","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buono R, Tucci J, Cutri R, Guidi N, Mangul S, Raucci F, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet inhibits autophagy and synergizes with chemotherapy to promote T-cell-dependent leukemia-free survival. Cancers. 2023;15(24):5870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15245870.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"13","key":"2035_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111417","volume":"40","author":"P Rangan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rangan P, Lobo F, Parrella E, Rochette N, Morselli M, Stephen T-L, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet cycles reduce neuroinflammation to attenuate cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s models. Cell Rep. 2022;40(13):111417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111417.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2035_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-024-02061-2","volume":"22","author":"H Michenthaler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Michenthaler H, Duszka K, Reinisch I, Galhuber M, Moyschewitz E, Stryeck S, et al. Systemic and transcriptional response to intermittent fasting and fasting-mimicking diet in mice. BMC Biol. 2024;22(1):268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12915-024-02061-2.","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"2035_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.08.004","volume":"52","author":"L Burns","year":"2025","unstructured":"Burns L, Cooper S, Sarmad S, Funke G, Di Mauro A, Gaitanos GC, et al. Effects of fasting-mimicking diets with low and high protein content on cardiometabolic health and autophagy: a randomized, parallel group study. Clin Nutr. 2025;52:299\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.08.004.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2035_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01709-5","volume":"17","author":"M Mohammadzadeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohammadzadeh M, Amirpour M, Ahmadirad H, Abdi F, Khalesi S, Naghshi N, et al. Impact of fasting mimicking diet (FMD) on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2025;17(1):137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01709-5.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"2035_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101468","volume":"72","author":"S Kaushik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaushik S, Tasset I, Arias E, Pampliega O, Wong E, Martinez-Vicente M, et al. Autophagy and the hallmarks of aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2021;72:101468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101468.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"2035_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00098-4","volume":"1","author":"Y Aman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aman Y, Schmauck-Medina T, Hansen M, Morimoto RI, Simon AK, Bjedov I, et al. Autophagy in healthy aging and disease. Nat Aging. 2021;1(8):634\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43587-021-00098-4.","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"2035_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.08.004","volume":"47","author":"M Bagherniya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bagherniya M, Butler AE, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. The effect of fasting or calorie restriction on autophagy induction: a review of the literature. Ageing Res Rev. 2018;47:183\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2018.08.004.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2035_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2697","volume":"221","author":"D Glick","year":"2010","unstructured":"Glick D, Barth S, Macleod KF. Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Pathol. 2010;221(1):3\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.2697.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2035_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.07.014","volume":"83","author":"C Ntsapi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ntsapi C, Loos B. Caloric restriction and the precision-control of autophagy: a strategy for delaying neurodegenerative disease progression. Exp Gerontol. 2016;83:97\u2013111.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2035_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2152","volume":"13","author":"J Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim J, Kundu M, Viollet B, Guan K-L. AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1. Nat Cell Biol. 2011;13(2):132\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncb2152.","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2035_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI73939","volume":"125","author":"YC Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim YC, Guan K-L. mTOR: a pharmacologic target for autophagy regulation. J Clin Invest. 2015;125(1):25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI73939.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"2035_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2011.07.001","volume":"32","author":"JR Speakman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Speakman JR, Mitchell SE. Caloric restriction. Mol Aspects Med. 2011;32(3):159\u2013221.","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"2035_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1905136","volume":"381","author":"R de Cabo","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Cabo R, Mattson MP. Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(26):2541\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1905136. (PubMed PMID: 31881139).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2035_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103189","volume":"73","author":"M Milan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Milan M, Brown J, O\u2019Reilly CL, Bubak MP, Negri S, Balasubramanian P, et al. Time-restricted feeding improves aortic endothelial relaxation by enhancing mitochondrial function and attenuating oxidative stress in aged mice. Redox Biol. 2024;73:103189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103189.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"16","key":"2035_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2022774","volume":"383","author":"N Mizushima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mizushima N, Levine B. Autophagy in human diseases. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(16):1564\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2022774. (PubMed PMID: 33053285).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2035_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0235-8","volume":"20","author":"AM Leidal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leidal AM, Levine B, Debnath J. Autophagy and the cell biology of age-related disease. Nat Cell Biol. 2018;20(12):1338\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41556-018-0235-8.","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"}],"container-title":["GeroScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-025-02035-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11357-025-02035-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-025-02035-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:20:10Z","timestamp":1790140810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11357-025-02035-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-025-02035-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-2723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-2723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by local institutional review boards at each participating institution and was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrolment.\u00a0The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.org (NCT06115551).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}