{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:22:09Z","timestamp":1783606929437,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K06688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K06688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K06202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K06202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJSP2182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nat Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-026-02052-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:14:00Z","timestamp":1781640840000},"page":"1168-1179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-obesity and lipid-lowering effects of mountain caviar extract and its principal saponin momordin Ic via delayed gastric emptying and GLP-1 secretion independent of energy expenditure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Ryuya","family":"Takada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shogo","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Shimoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motomitsu","family":"Tsukumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazutaka","family":"Kubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisashi","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2794-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshio","family":"Morikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2052_CR1","unstructured":"The World Flora Online (2025) Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott. https:\/\/wfoplantlist.org\/taxon\/wfo-0000561206-2025-06?matched_id=wfo-0000356305. Accessed 11 Apr 2026"},{"key":"2052_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.1215000","volume":"5","author":"AE Al-Snafi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Snafi AE (2018) A review on pharmacological activities of Kochia scoparia. Indo Am J Pharm Sci 5:2213\u20132221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.1215000","journal-title":"Indo Am J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2052_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5382684","volume":"2021","author":"W Xou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xou W, Tang Z, Long Y, Xiao Z, Ouyang B, Liu M (2021) Kochiae Fructus, the fruit of common potherb Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad: a review on phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, quality control, and pharmacokinetica. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2021:5382684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5382684","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"2052_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pld3.560","volume":"8","author":"OE Todd","year":"2024","unstructured":"Todd OE, Patterson EL, Westra EP, Nissen SJ, Araujo ALS, Kramer WB, Dayan FE, Gaines TA (2024) Enhanced metabolic detoxification in associated with fluroxypyr resistance in Bassia scoparia. Plant Direct 8:e560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pld3.560","journal-title":"Plant Direct"},{"key":"2052_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/cjps-2024-0219","volume":"105","author":"CM Geddes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Geddes CM, Pittman MM, Sharpe SM, Leeson JY (2025) Baseline survey of protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor-resistant kochia (Bassia scoparia) in western Canada. Can J Plant Sci 105:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjps-2024-0219","journal-title":"Can J Plant Sci"},{"key":"2052_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.45.1052","volume":"45","author":"M Yoshikawa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yoshikawa M, Dai Y, Shimada H, Morikawa T, Matsumura N, Yoshizumi S, Matsuda H, Matsuda H, Kubo M (1997) Studies on Kochiae Fructus. II. On the saponin constituents from the fruit of Chinese Kochia scoparia (Chenopodiaceae): chemical structures of kochianoside I, II, III, and IV. Chem Pharm Bull 45:1052\u20131055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/cpb.45.1052","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2052_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.45.1300","volume":"45","author":"M Yoshikawa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yoshikawa M, Shimada H, Morikawa T, Yoshizumi S, Matsumura N, Murakami T, Matsuda H, Hori K, Yamahara J (1997) Medicinal foodstuffs. VII. On the saponin constituents with glucose and alcohol absorption-inhibitory activity from a food garnish \u201cTonburi\u201d, the fruit of Japanese Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.: structures of scoparianosides A, B and C. Chem Pharm Bull 45:1300\u20131305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/cpb.45.1300","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2052_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1981","volume":"20","author":"L-K Han","year":"2006","unstructured":"Han L-K, Nose R, Li W, Gong X-J, Zheng Y-N, Yoshikawa M, Koike K, Nikaido T, Okuda H, Kimura Y (2006) Reduction of fat storage in mice fed a high-fat diet long term by treatment with saponins prepared from Kochia scoparia fruit. Phytother Res 20:877\u2013882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.1981","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"2052_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2022.106934","volume":"219","author":"X-L Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen X-L, Li B, Zhao X, Li L-H, Wang H-L, Zhang K, Han M, Zhang Y-M (2022) Kochiae Fructus: evaluation on the antioxidant properties and oral safety of its water decoction. Toxicon 219:106934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2022.106934","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"2052_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032454","volume":"24","author":"X-L Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen X-L, Zhang K, Zhao X, Wang H-L, Han M, Li R, Zhang Z-N, Zhang Y-M (2023) Triterpenoids from Kochiae Fructus: glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and a-glucosidase inhibition, in silico molecular docking. Int J Mol Sci 24:2454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24032454","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2052_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-024-01791-5","volume":"78","author":"K Miyasaka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miyasaka K, Takada R, Wu J, Takeda S, Manse Y, Morikawa T, Shimoda H (2024) Hypoglycemic effects of mountain caviar extract and inhibitory mechanism of saponins, including momordin Ic, on glucose absorption. J Nat Med 78:693\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11418-024-01791-5","journal-title":"J Nat Med"},{"key":"2052_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.20.1086","volume":"20","author":"H Mastuda","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mastuda H, Dai Y, Ido Y, Ko S, Yoshikawa M, Kubo M (1997) Studies on Kochiae Fructus III. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of 70% ethanol extract and its component, momordin Ic from dried fruits of Kochia scoparia L. Biol Pharm Bull 20:1086\u20131091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/bpb.20.1086","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2052_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.27.538","volume":"27","author":"KM Shim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shim KM, Kim YH, Park WS, Kang I, Ha J, Choi JW, Park HJ, Lee KT (2004) Inhibition of methanol extract from the fruits of Kochia scoparia on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and tumor necrosis factor-a production from murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 27:538\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/bpb.27.538","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2052_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.04.009","volume":"154","author":"YY Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi YY, Kim MH, Lee JY, Hong J, Kim S, Yang WM (2014) Topical application of Kochia scoparia inhibits the development of contact dermatitis in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 154:380\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2014.04.009","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2052_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4698","volume":"13","author":"S Jo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jo S, Ryu J, Han HY, Lee G, Ryu MH, Kim H (2016) Anti-inflammatory activity of Kochia scoparia fruit on contact dermatitis in mice. Mol Med Rep 13:1695\u20131700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2015.4698","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"2052_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi1947.117.4_193","volume":"117","author":"M Kubo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kubo M, Matsuda H, Dai Y, Ido Y, Yoshikawa M (1997) Studies on Kochiae Fructus. I. antipruritogenic effect of 70% ethanol extract from Kochiae Fructus and its active component. Yakugaku Zasshi 117:193\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/yakushi1947.117.4_193","journal-title":"Yakugaku Zasshi"},{"key":"2052_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.21.1231","volume":"23","author":"H Matsuda","year":"1998","unstructured":"Matsuda H, Dai Y, Ido Y, Murakami T, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M, Kubo M (1998) Studies on Kochiae Fructus. V. Antipruritic effects of oleanolic acid glycosides and the structure-requirement. Biol Pharm Bull 23:1231\u20131233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/bpb.21.1231","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2052_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.20.1165","volume":"20","author":"H Matsuda","year":"1997","unstructured":"Matsuda H, Dai Y, Ido Y, Yoshikawa M, Kubo M (1997) Studies on Kochiae Fructus IV. Anti-allergic effects of 70% ethanol extract and its component, momordin Ic from dried fruits of Kochia scoparia L. Biol Pharm Bull 20:1165\u20131170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/bpb.20.1165","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2052_CR19","first-page":"1763","volume":"51","author":"T Takara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Takara T, Suzuki N, Yamamoto K, Iio S, Kakinuma T, Baba A, Noguchi H, Yamada W, Hirano M, Yoneda A, Nagata M, Shimoda H (2023) Hypoglycemic effects of VegCaviar\u2122 standardized with momordin Ic on the oral glucose tolerance test in healthy Japanese subjects. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 51:1763\u20131770","journal-title":"Jpn Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2052_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-013-0820-z","volume":"18","author":"J Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang J, Yuan L, Xiao H, Xiao C, Wang Y, Liu X (2013) Momordin Ic induces HepG2 cell apoptosis through MAPK and PI3K\/Akt-mediated mitochondrial pathways. Apoptosis 18:751\u2013765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10495-013-0820-z","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"2052_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60558b","volume":"5","author":"J Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang J, Yuan L, Xiao H, Wang C, Xiao C, Wang Y, Liu X (2014) A novel methanism for momordin Ic-induced Hep G2 apoptosis: involvement of PI3K- and MAPK-dependent PPARg activation. Food Funct 5:859\u2013868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c3fo60558b","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"2052_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.022","volume":"90","author":"Y Mi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mi Y, Xiao C, Du Q, Wu W, Qi G, Liu X (2016) Momordin Ic couples apoptisis with oxygen species (ROS)-mediated PI3K\/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 90:230\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.022","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2052_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.09.019","volume":"192","author":"HY Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han HY, Lee HE, Kim HJ, Jeong SH, Kim JH, Kim H, Ryu MH (2016) Kochia scoparia induces apoptosis of oral cancer cells in vitro and in heterotopic tumors. J Ethnopharmacol 192:431\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2016.09.019","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2052_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2019.01.007","volume":"56","author":"J Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang J, Liu Q, Xiao H, Luo X, Liu X (2019) Suppressive effects of momordin Ic on HepG2 cell migration and invasion by regulating MMP-9 and adhesion molecules: involvement of p38 and JNK pathways. Toxicol In Vitro 56:75\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tiv.2019.01.007","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"2052_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR11.1513","volume":"6","author":"DK Joung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Joung DK, Kim YH, Yang DW, So GW, Lee KH, Kwon DY, Choi JG, An BK, Ha DS, Shin DW (2012) Antibacterial and synergistic effects of Kochia scoparia extracts against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Afr J Microbiol Res 6:2449\u20132454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5897\/AJMR11.1513","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"key":"2052_CR26","first-page":"10","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wang Y, Sui C (1995) Pharmacology and toxicity comparation of Difuzi and Li. J Mod Appl Pharm Sci 12:10\u201312","journal-title":"J Mod Appl Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2052_CR27","first-page":"1974","volume":"35","author":"JN Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang JN, Liu QY, Yao CH, Chen SJ, Song LY, Guan P, Shao LJ, She YY, Chi HY (2012) Normative research on bacteriostasis and relieving itching external therapeutic function of Kochia Fructus. Zhong Yao Cai 35:1974\u20131977","journal-title":"Zhong Yao Cai"},{"key":"2052_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3920\/QAS2012.0218","volume":"6","author":"J Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang J, Yuan L, Cheng B, Li W, Xiao C, Wang Y, Liu X (2014) Antioxidant capacity and antitumor activity of Fructus Kochiae extracts. Qual Assur Saf Crop Foods 6:383\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3920\/QAS2012.0218","journal-title":"Qual Assur Saf Crop Foods"},{"key":"2052_CR29","first-page":"29","volume":"33","author":"MR Yan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yan MR, Zhang WB, Luo GP, Wang XN, Feng SM, Zhao N (2019) Screening chemical constituents with antioxidative activity from the Kochiae Fructus. Chin Med J Res Pract 33:29\u201332","journal-title":"Chin Med J Res Pract"},{"key":"2052_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2005.8.177","volume":"8","author":"NY Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim NY, Lee MK, Park MJ, Kim SJ, Park HJ, Choi J, Kim SH, Cho SY, Lee J (2005) Momordin Ic and oleanolic acid from Kochiae Fructus reduce carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. J Med Food 8:177\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jmf.2005.8.177","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"2052_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.20.717","volume":"20","author":"H Matsuda","year":"1997","unstructured":"Matsuda H, Murakami T, Shimada H, Matsumura N, Yoshikawa M, Yamahara J (1997) Inhibitory methanisms of oleanolic acid 3-O-monodesmosides on glucose absorption in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 20:717\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/bpb.20.717","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2052_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.46.1399","volume":"46","author":"H Matsuda","year":"1998","unstructured":"Matsuda H, Murakami T, Matsumura N, Yamahara J, Yoshikawa M (1998) Antidiabetic principles of natural medicines. III. Structure-related inhibitory activity and action mode of oleanolic acid glycosides on hypoglycemic activity. Chem Pharm Bull Tokyo 46:1399\u20131403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/cpb.46.1399","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull Tokyo"},{"key":"2052_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-023-01730-w","volume":"77","author":"H Matsuda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Nakamura S, Muraoka O, Yoshikawa M (2023) New biofunctional effects of oleanane-type triterpene saponins. J Nat Med 77:644\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11418-023-01730-w","journal-title":"J Nat Med"},{"key":"2052_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/s0968-0896(98)00207-7","volume":"7","author":"H Matsuda","year":"1999","unstructured":"Matsuda H, Li Y, Murakami T, Yamahara J, Yoshikawa M (1999) Structure-related inhibitory activity of oleanolic acid glycosides on gastric emptying in mice. Bioorg Med Chem 7:323\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0968-0896(98)00207-7","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"key":"2052_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)38194-7","volume":"289","author":"H Matsuda","year":"1999","unstructured":"Matsuda H, Li Y, Yoshikawa M (1999) Inhibition of gastric emptying by triterpene saponin, momordin Ic, in mice: roles of blood glucose, capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves, and central nervous system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289:729\u2013734","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2052_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/s0968-0896(99)00036-x","volume":"7","author":"Y Li","year":"1999","unstructured":"Li Y, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M (1999) Effects of oleanolic acid glycosides on gastrointestinal transit and ileus in mice. Bioorg Med Chem 7:1201\u20131205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0968-0896(99)00036-x","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"key":"2052_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-2999(00)00121-7","volume":"392","author":"Y Li","year":"2000","unstructured":"Li Y, Matsuda H, Yamahara J, Yoshikawa M (2000) Acceleration of gastrointestinal transit by momordin Ic in mice: possible involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT2 receptors and prostaglandins. Eur J Pharmacol 392:71\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0014-2999(00)00121-7","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2052_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/s0960-894x(02)00889-2","volume":"13","author":"H Shimoda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shimoda H, Ninomiya K, Nishida N, Yoshino T, Morikawa T, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M (2003) Anti-hyperlipidemic sesquiterpenes and new sesquiterpene glycosides from the leaves of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.): structure requirement and mode of action. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13:223\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0960-894x(02)00889-2","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"2052_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2004.01.091","volume":"14","author":"K Ninomiya","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ninomiya K, Matsuda H, Shimoda H, Nishida N, Kasajima N, Yoshino T, Morikawa T, Yoshikawa M (2004) Carnosic acid, a new class of lipid absorption inhibitor from sage. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 14:1943\u20131946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmcl.2004.01.091","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"2052_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1021\/np0580614","volume":"68","author":"M Yoshikawa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yoshikawa M, Morikawa T, Yamamoto K, Kato Y, Nagatomo A, Matsuda H (2005) Floratheasaponins A-C, acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides with anti-hyperlipidemic activities from flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). J Nat Prod 68:1360\u20131365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/np0580614","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"2052_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-016-1021-1","volume":"70","author":"H Matsuda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matsuda H, Nakamura S, Morikawa T, Muraoka O, Yoshikawa M (2016) New biofunctional effects of the flower buds of Camellia sinensis and its bioactive acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides. J Nat Med 70:689\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11418-016-1021-1","journal-title":"J Nat Med"},{"key":"2052_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1021\/np8000333","volume":"71","author":"T Morikawa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morikawa T, Li X, Nishida E, Ito Y, Matsuda H, Nakamura S, Muraoka O, Yoshikawa M (2008) Perennisosides I\u2013VII, acylated triterpene saponins with antihyperlipidemic activities from the flowers of Bellis perennis. J Nat Prod 71:828\u2013835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/np8000333","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"2052_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi.130.673","volume":"130","author":"T Morikawa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morikawa T, Muraoka O, Yoshikawa M (2010) Pharmaceutical food science: search for anti-obese constituents from medicinal foods\u2014anti-hyperlipidemic saponin constituents from the flowers of Bellis perennis\u2014. Yakugaku Zasshi 130:673\u2013678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/yakushi.130.673","journal-title":"Yakugaku Zasshi"},{"key":"2052_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.57.198","volume":"57","author":"Y Asao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Asao Y, Morikawa T, Xie Y, Okamoto M, Hamao M, Matsuda H, Muraoka O, Yuan D, Yoshikawa M (2009) Structures of acetylated oleanane-type triterpene saponins, rarasaponins IV, V, and VI, and anti-hyperlipidemic constituents from the pericarps of Sapindus rarak. Chem Pharm Bull 57:198\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/cpb.57.198","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2052_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-022-01614-5","volume":"76","author":"A Nagatomo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nagatomo A, Inoue N, Konno T, Sakamoto C, Sone M, Shibasaka A, Muraoka O, Ninomiya K, Yoshikawa M, Manse Y, Morikawa T (2022) Ursane-type triterpene oligoglycosides with anti-hepatosteatosis and anti-hyperlipidemic activity from the leaves of Ilix paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. J Nat Med 76:654\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11418-022-01614-5","journal-title":"J Nat Med"},{"key":"2052_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-011-0619-6","volume":"66","author":"T Morikawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morikawa T, Chaipech S, Matsuda H, Hamao M, Umeda Y, Sato H, Tamura H, Ninomiya K, Yoshikawa M, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Hayakawa T, Muraoka O (2012) Anti-hyperlipidemic constituents from the bark of Shorea roxburghii. J Nat Med 66:516\u2013524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11418-011-0619-6","journal-title":"J Nat Med"},{"key":"2052_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19850680303","volume":"68","author":"F Gafner","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gafner F, Msonthi JD, Hostettman K (1985) Molluscicidal saponins from Talinum tenuissimum Dinter. Helv Chim Acta 68:555\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hlca.19850680303","journal-title":"Helv Chim Acta"},{"key":"2052_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(88)80773-8","volume":"27","author":"N Kawamura","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kawamura N, Watanabe H, Oshio H (1988) Saponins from roots of Momordica cochinchinensis. Phytochemistry 27:3585\u20133591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0031-9422(88)80773-8","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2052_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00038a010","volume":"42","author":"CL Ridout","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ridout CL, Price KR, Parkin G, Dijoux MG, Lavaud C (1994) Saponins from suger beet and the floc problem. J Agric Food Chem 42:279\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf00038a010","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"2052_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.59.889","volume":"59","author":"T Morikawa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morikawa T, Li X, Nishida E, Nakamura S, Ninomiya K, Matsuda H, Hamao M, Muraoka O, Hayakawa T, Yoshikawa M (2011) Medicinal foodstuffs. XXXII. Structure of oleanane-type triterpene saponins, perenisosides VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII, from the flowers of Bellis perennis. Chem Pharm Bull 59:889\u2013895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/cpb.59.889","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2052_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2011.08.042","volume":"19","author":"M Hamao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamao M, Matsuda H, Nakamura S, Nakashima S, Semura S, Maekubo S, Wakasugi S, Yoshikawa M (2011) Anti-obesity effects of the methanolic extract and chakasaponins from the flower buds of Cammelia sinensis in mice. Bioorg Med Chem 19:6033\u20136041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmc.2011.08.042","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"key":"2052_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2009.06.015","volume":"70","author":"T Morikawa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morikawa T, Xie Y, Asao Y, Okamoto M, Yamashita C, Muraoka O, Matsuda H, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Yuan D, Yoshikawa M (2009) Oleanane-type tritepene oligoglycosides with pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity from the pericarps of Sapindus rarak. Phytochemistry 70:1166\u20131172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phytochem.2009.06.015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2052_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.200900258","volume":"93","author":"T Morikawa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morikawa T, Li X, Nishida E, Nakamura S, Ninomiya K, Matsuda H, Oda Y, Muraoka O, Yoshikawa M (2010) Medicinal flowers Part 29. Acylated oleanane-type triterpene bisdesmosides: perennisaponins G, H, I, J, K, L, and M with pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity from the flowers of Bellis perennis. Helv Chim Acta 93:573\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hlca.200900258","journal-title":"Helv Chim Acta"},{"key":"2052_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-27302009000200002","volume":"53","author":"KA Shimpson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shimpson KA, Martin NM, Bloom SR (2009) Hypothalamic regulation of food intake and clinical therapeutic applications. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 53:120\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0004-27302009000200002","journal-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2052_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.02.078","volume":"134","author":"H Takeda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takeda H, Sadakane C, Hattori T, Katsurada T, Ohkawara T, Nagai K, Asaka M (2008) Rikkunshito, an herbal medicine, suppresses cisplatin-induced anorexia in rats via 5-HT2 receptor antagonism. Gastroenterology 134:2004\u20132013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.02.078","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2052_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2010.02.003","volume":"161","author":"K Yakabi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yakabi K, Kurosawa S, Tamai M, Yuzurihara M, Nahata M, Ohno S, Ro S, Kato S, Aoyama T, Sakurada T, Takabayashi H, Hattori T (2010) Rikkunshito and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist improve cisplatin-induced anorexia via hypothalamic ghrelin interaction. Regul Pept 161:97\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.regpep.2010.02.003","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"2052_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/283549","volume":"2010","author":"T Hattori","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hattori T (2010) Rikkunshito and ghrelin. Int J Pept 2010:283549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2010\/283549","journal-title":"Int J Pept"},{"key":"2052_CR58","first-page":"1682","volume":"21","author":"D Henschler","year":"1971","unstructured":"Henschler D, Hempel K, Schultze B, Maurer W (1971) The pharmakokinetics of escin. Arzneimittelforschung 21:1682\u20131692","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"2052_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11642","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.o114.556068","volume":"289","author":"CD C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2014","unstructured":"C\u00f4t\u00e9 CD, Zadeh-Tahmasebi M, Rasmussen BA, Duca FA, Lam TKT (2014) Hormonal signaling in the gut. J Biol Chem 289:11642\u201311649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.o114.556068","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2052_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R463","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1989.256.2.r463","volume":"256","author":"MJ McCann","year":"1989","unstructured":"McCann MJ, Verbalis JG, Stricker EM (1989) LiCl and CCK inhibit gastric emptying and feeding and stimulate OT secretion in rats. Am J Physiol 256:R463-468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.1989.256.2.r463","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2052_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.007","volume":"185","author":"T Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang T, Perkins MH, Chang H, Han W, de Araujo IE (2022) An inter-organ neural circuit for appetite suppression. Cell 185:2478\u20132494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2052_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe5017","volume":"373","author":"H Pontzer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pontzer H, Yamada Y, Sagayama H, Ainslie PN, Andersen LF, Anderson LJ, Arab L, Baddou I, Bedu-Addo K, Blaak EE et al (2021) Daily energy expenditure through the human life course. Science 373:808\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abe5017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2052_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E317","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00192.2013","volume":"305","author":"S Guidotti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guidotti S, Meijer HAJ, Van Dijk G (2013) Validity of the doubly labeled water method for estimating CO2 production in mice under different nutritional conditions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 305:E317\u2013E234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00192.2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2052_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3641-x","volume":"117","author":"KP Westerterp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Westerterp KP (2017) Doubly labelled water assessment of energy expenditure: principle, practice, and promise. Eur J Appl Physiol 117:1277\u20131285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-017-3641-x","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2052_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/10256016.2018.1531855","volume":"54","author":"P Jubhans","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jubhans P, G\u00f6rs S, Langhammer M, Metges CC (2018) Breath water-based doubly labelled water method for the noninvasive determination of CO2 production and energy expenditure in mice. Isot Environ Health Stud 54:561\u2013572","journal-title":"Isot Environ Health Stud"},{"key":"2052_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(87)80103-0","volume":"126","author":"JR Speakman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Speakman JR (1987) Calculation of CO2 production in doubly-labelled water studies. J Theor Biol 126:101\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-5193(87)80103-0","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"2052_CR67","first-page":"746","volume":"7","author":"JR Speakman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Speakman JR (1993) How should we calculate CO2 production in doubly labelled water studies of animals? Funct Ecol 7:746\u2013750","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2052_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004363","volume":"109","author":"JBdeV Weir","year":"1949","unstructured":"Weir JBdeV (1949) New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J Physiol 109:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004363","journal-title":"J Physiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Natural Medicines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11418-026-02052-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11418-026-02052-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11418-026-02052-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:04:17Z","timestamp":1783605857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11418-026-02052-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11418-026-02052-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1340-3443","1861-0293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1340-3443","type":"print"},{"value":"1861-0293","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}