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The problem is deciding the power units\u2019 location and their synchronization, as well as balancing the power output in Airborne Wind Energy Farms, while maximizing the average power output. Airborne Wind Energy systems, particularly the ground-generation type, are susceptible to significant power output fluctuations, which must be mitigated to ensure a stable power flow injected into the electrical grid. We propose and evaluate various synchronization strategies, along with an innovative retraction method introduced in this work, which eliminates the need for synchronized operational cycles among kites. This approach increases flexibility in production cycle selection, leading to a significantly smoother power output signal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11590-025-02273-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T10:26:28Z","timestamp":1768299988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Airborne wind energy farms layout: synchronization strategies for power smoothing"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4568-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui C.","family":"da Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2322-8182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel C. R. M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5825-1732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds A. 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