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However, despite these advances, a notable gap persists in the literature regarding the impact of RIS3 on university-industry (U-I) collaboration in cross-border regions. To address this gap, our study evaluates how the implementation of RIS3 affects U-I collaboration and compares the impact of these strategies on universities in two cross-border territories. Based on primary data collected through questionnaires administered to researchers at public universities in Portugal and Spain, we utilized partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Our findings indicate that RIS3 does not exert a direct effect on U-I collaboration outcomes. Nevertheless, the study advances current knowledge by illustrating that the relationship between RIS3 and U-I collaboration is nuanced rather than binary. Additionally, the results provide evidence that RIS3 positively impacts knowledge transfer activities, particularly U-I interactions, through the mediating roles of academic research development and incentives for U-I collaboration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-025-00933-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T04:12:55Z","timestamp":1757391175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How do smart specialization strategies influence university-industry collaboration in cross-border regions?"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Carla","family":"Mascarenhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anderson R.","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Telma","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5928-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o J.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"933_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2370.00069","volume":"3","author":"AK Agrawal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Agrawal AK (2001) University-to\u2010industry knowledge transfer: literature review and unanswered questions. 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