{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T11:22:45Z","timestamp":1775215365973,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universitat de Valencia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev Manag Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study examines the moderating role of board gender diversity (BGD) in the relationship between busy directors, foreign directors, non-executive directors, and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance. Using a sample of European sustainable companies listed in the\n                    <jats:italic>Euronext Sustainable Europe 120 index<\/jats:italic>\n                    from 2014 to 2023, the hypotheses were tested through a panel data structure and a one-step system Generalized Method of Moments approach. The findings reveal that BGD negatively moderates the relationship between foreign directors and ESG performance. However, BGD does not moderate the relationships between busy directors, non-executive directors, and ESG performance. To provide a deeper analysis, this study also examines the three ESG pillars separately. The results indicate that BGD negatively moderates the effect of foreign directors on environmental and social performance. Conversely, BGD positively moderates the effect of non-executive directors on governance performance, while it shows no moderating effect for busy directors across the ESG dimensions. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of BGD as a key board mechanism that influences board members\u2019 contributions to ESG performance. This highlights the importance of carefully considering board characteristics to enhance sustainable performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-026-00998-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T02:48:40Z","timestamp":1772246920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Director typology and ESG performance: does board gender diversity matter? Evidence from European sustainable companies"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3710-9101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Grau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9612-7660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Bel-Oms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3715-0881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2942-3963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janny","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Almonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257834","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2023.2257834","volume":"10","author":"SW Abiodun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abiodun SW, Rotimi SM, Menslu S, Zhaxat K, Tursynzada K, Hammed AB (2023) Board gender diversity and corporate social responsibility. Acct Corp Gov Bus Ethics 10(3):2257834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311975.2023.2257834","journal-title":"Acct Corp Gov Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2015.11.001","volume":"27","author":"RB Adams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adams RB (2016) Women on boards: the superheroes of tomorrow? Leadersh Q 27(3):371\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leaqua.2015.11.001","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2008.10.007","volume":"94","author":"RB Adams","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adams RB, Ferreira D (2009) Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. J Financ Econ 94(2):291\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfineco.2008.10.007","journal-title":"J Financ Econ"},{"key":"998_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams RB, Funk P (2011) Beyond the glass ceiling: Does gender matter? ECGI Working Paper Series in Finance, Working paper No.273\/2010","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1475152"},{"issue":"12","key":"998_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.940","volume":"32","author":"RB Adams","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adams RB, Licht AN (2011) Shareholders and stakeholders: how do directors decide? Strateg Manag J 32(12):1331\u20131355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smj.940","journal-title":"Strateg Manag J"},{"key":"998_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2024.101994","author":"P Agnese","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agnese P, Arduino FR, Bruno E, Vento GA (2024a) On the road to sustainability: The role of board characteristics in driving ESG performance in Africa. Socio-Econ Plan Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seps.2024.101994","journal-title":"Socio-Econ Plan Sci"},{"key":"998_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19420676.2024.2334703","author":"P Agnese","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agnese P, Arduino FR, Taddeo S (2024b) The influence of board characteristics on corporate social performance. J Soc Entrep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19420676.2024.2334703","journal-title":"J Soc Entrep"},{"issue":"9","key":"998_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2010.01.009","volume":"34","author":"S Ahn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ahn S, Jiraporn P, Kim YS (2010) Multiple directorships and acquirer return. J Bank Finance 34(9):2011\u20132026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2010.01.009","journal-title":"J Bank Finance"},{"key":"998_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alessa N, Akparep JW, Sulemana I, Agyemang AO (2024) Does stakeholder pressure influence firms environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure? Evidence from Ghana. Cogent Bus Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311975.2024.2303790","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2024.2303790"},{"key":"998_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16510","author":"AA Almulhim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Almulhim AA (2023) Effects of board characteristics on information asymmetry: evidence from the alternative investment market. Heliyon. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16510","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1108\/SAMPJ-05-2018-0136","volume":"11","author":"M Arayssi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arayssi M, Jizi M, Tabaja HH (2020) The impact of board composition on the level of ESG disclosures in GCC countries. Sustain Acc Manag Policy J 11(1):37\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-05-2018-0136","journal-title":"Sustain Acc Manag Policy J"},{"key":"998_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0199245282.001.0001","volume-title":"Panel data econometrics","author":"M Arellano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arellano M (2003) Panel data econometrics. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/0199245282.001.0001"},{"key":"998_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2307\/2297968","volume":"58","author":"M Arellano","year":"1991","unstructured":"Arellano M, Bond S (1991) Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Rev Econ Stud 58:277\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2297968","journal-title":"Rev Econ Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.3532","volume":"33","author":"A Arora","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arora A, Aliani K (2024) Nexus between corporate environmental disclosures and gender diversity: interaction effects of board independence. Bus Strategy Environ 33(2):1113\u20131128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bse.3532","journal-title":"Bus Strategy Environ"},{"key":"998_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2020.101665","author":"H Atif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Atif H, Hossain M, Alam MS, Goergen M (2021) Does board gender diversity affect renewable energy consumption? Corp Financ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2020.101665","journal-title":"Corp Financ"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/joms.12746","volume":"59","author":"S Bacq","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bacq S, Aguilera R (2021) Stakeholder governance for responsible innovation: a theory of value creation, appropriation, and distribution. Manag Stud 59(1):29\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joms.12746","journal-title":"Manag Stud"},{"key":"998_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-020-04522-4","volume":"173","author":"R Beji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beji R, Yousfi O, Loukil N, Omri A (2021) Board diversity and corporate social responsibility: empirical evidence from France. J Bus Ethics 173:133\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-020-04522-4","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"8","key":"998_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.1840","volume":"24","author":"W Ben-Amer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ben-Amer W, McIlkenny P (2015) Board effectiveness and the voluntary disclosure of climate change information. Bus Strategy Environ 24(8):704\u2013719 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bse.1840","journal-title":"Bus Strategy Environ"},{"key":"998_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8551.2011.00789.x","volume":"24","author":"W Ben-Amar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ben-Amar W, Francoeur C, Hafsi T, Labelle R (2013) What makes better boards? Br J Manag 24:85\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8551.2011.00789.x","journal-title":"Br J Manag"},{"key":"998_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-015-2759-1","volume":"142","author":"W Ben-Amar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ben-Amar W, Chang M, McIlkenny P (2017) Board gender diversity and corporate response to sustainability initiatives: evidence from the carbon disclosure project. J Bus Ethics 142:369\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-015-2759-1","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"key":"998_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2023.2247226","author":"O Benaguid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benaguid O, Sbaiv H, Meghouarv HAO (2023) Board gender diversity and CSR performance: a French study. Cogent Bus Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311975.2023.2247226","journal-title":"Cogent Bus Manag"},{"key":"998_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.1762","volume":"26","author":"G Birindelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Birindelli G, Iannuzzi A, Savioli M (2019) The impact of women leaders on environmental performance: evidence on gender diversity in banks. Corp Soc Resposab Environ Manag 26:1485\u20131499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/csr.1762","journal-title":"Corp Soc Resposab Environ Manag"},{"key":"998_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-024-00778-6","author":"F Bravo-Urquiza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bravo-Urquiza F, Reguera-Alvarado N (2024) The role of multiple board directorships in sustainability strategies: symbol or substance? Rev Manag Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11846-024-00778-6","journal-title":"Rev Manag Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-629X.2010.00385.x","volume":"51","author":"P Brown","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brown P, Beekes W, Verhoeven P (2011) Corporate governance, accounting and finance: a review. Acc Financ 51(1):96\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-629X.2010.00385.x","journal-title":"Acc Financ"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2308\/accr-52165","volume":"94","author":"AB Brown","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brown AB, Dai J, Zur E (2019) Too busy or well-connected? Evidence from a shock to multiple directorships. Acc Rev 94(2):83\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2308\/accr-52165","journal-title":"Acc Rev"},{"key":"998_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014726001155","volume":"37","author":"Z Burgess","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burgess Z, Tharenou P (2002) Women board directors: characteristics of the few. J Bus Ethics 37:39\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1014726001155","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/corg.12165","volume":"24","author":"K Byron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Byron K, Post C (2016) Women on boards of directors and corporate social performance: a meta-analysis. Corp Gov Int Rev 24(4):428\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/corg.12165","journal-title":"Corp Gov Int Rev"},{"key":"998_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/emre.12143","volume":"15","author":"L Cabeza-Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cabeza-Garc\u00eda L, Fern\u00e1ndez-Gago R, Nieto M (2018) Do board gender diversity and director typology impact CSR reporting? Eur Manag Rev 15:559\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/emre.12143","journal-title":"Eur Manag Rev"},{"key":"998_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.3366","volume":"32","author":"DR Cambrea","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cambrea DR, Paolone F, Cucari N (2023) Advisory or monitoring role in ESG scenario: which women directors are more influential in the Italian context? Bus Strat Environ 32:4299\u20134314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bse.3366","journal-title":"Bus Strat Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-021-04999-7","volume":"182","author":"G Campopiano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Campopiano G, Gabald\u00f3n P, Gimenez-Jimenez D (2023) Women directors and corporate social performance: an integrative review of the literature and a future research agenda. J Bus Ethics 182(3):717\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-021-04999-7","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"5","key":"998_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8683.2010.00809.x","volume":"18","author":"DA Carter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carter DA, D\u2019Souza F, Simkins BJ, Simpson WG (2010) The gender and ethnic diversity of US boards and board committees and firm financial performance. Corp Gov Int Rev 18(5):396\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8683.2010.00809.x","journal-title":"Corp Gov Int Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR32","first-page":"5","volume":"12","author":"M Castelo Branco","year":"2007","unstructured":"Castelo Branco M, Lima Rodriques L (2007) Positioning stakeholder theory within the debate on corporate social responsibility. EJBO-Electronic J Bus Ethics Organ Stud 12(1):5\u201315","journal-title":"EJBO-Electronic J Bus Ethics Organ Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1177\/1548051812455239","volume":"19","author":"YK Chang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chang YK, Oh WY, Jung JC, Lee JY (2012) Firm size and corporate social performance: the mediating role of outside director representation. J Leadersh Organ Stud 19(4):486\u2013500.","journal-title":"J Leadersh Organ Stud"},{"key":"998_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-015-2651-z","volume":"140","author":"YK Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang YK, Oh WY, Park JH, Jang MG (2017) Exploring the relationship between board characteristics and CSR: empirical evidence from Korea. J Bus Ethics 140:225\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-015-2651-z","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"key":"998_CR35","volume-title":"Regression analysis by example","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chatterjee S, Hadi AS (2012) Regression analysis by example. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken"},{"key":"998_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2017.01.001","volume":"43","author":"J Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen J, Leung WS, Goergen M (2017) The impact of board gender composition on dividend payouts. J Corp Financ 43:86\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2017.01.001","journal-title":"J Corp Financ"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"998_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1108\/EJTD-05-2020-0090","volume":"45","author":"Y Cho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cho Y, Kim S, You J, Moon H, Sung H (2021) Application of ESG measures for gender diversity and equality at the organizational level in a Korean context. Eur J Train Dev 45(4\u20135):346\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/EJTD-05-2020-0090","journal-title":"Eur J Train Dev"},{"key":"998_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.2421","volume":"29","author":"JJ Cordeiro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cordeiro JJ, Profumo G, Tutore I (2020) Board gender diversity and corporate environmental performance: the moderating role of family and dual-class majority ownership structures. Bus Strategy Environ 29:1127\u20131144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bse.2421","journal-title":"Bus Strategy Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-405X(98)00058-0","volume":"51","author":"JE Core","year":"1999","unstructured":"Core JE, Holthausen RW, Larcker DF (1999) Corporate governance chief executive officer compensation and firm performance. J Financ Econ 51(3):371\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-405X(98)00058-0","journal-title":"J Financ Econ"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5465\/ame.1991.4274465","volume":"5","author":"TH Cox","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cox TH, Blake S (1991) Managing cultural diversity: implications for organizational competitiveness. Acad Manage Perspect 5(3):45\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/ame.1991.4274465","journal-title":"Acad Manage Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.2307\/256391","volume":"34","author":"TH Cox","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cox TH, Lobel SA, McLeod PL (1991) Effects of ethnic group cultural differences on cooperative and competitive behavior in a group task. Acad Manage J 34(4):827\u2013847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/256391","journal-title":"Acad Manage J"},{"issue":"5","key":"998_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2013.0750","volume":"58","author":"D Cumming","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cumming D, Leung TY, Rui O (2015) Gender diversity and securities fraud. Acad Manag J 58(5):1572\u20131593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amj.2013.0750","journal-title":"Acad Manag J"},{"issue":"6","key":"998_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206311411506","volume":"37","author":"C De Villiers","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Villiers C, Naiker V, Van Staden CJ (2011) The effect of board characteristics on firm environmental performance. J Manag 37(6):1636\u20131663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206311411506","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3580","DOI":"10.1080\/1331677X.2020.1776139","volume":"33","author":"A Dwekat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dwekat A, Segu\u00ed-Mas E, Tormo-Carb\u00f3 G (2020) The effect of the board on corporatesocial responsibility: bibliometric and social network analysis. Econ Res-Ekon Istraz 33(1):3580\u20133603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1331677X.2020.1776139","journal-title":"Econ Res-Ekon Istraz"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.100.3.283","volume":"100","author":"AH Eagly","year":"1986","unstructured":"Eagly AH, Crowley M (1986) Gender and helping behavior: a meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychol Bull 100(3):283\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.100.3.283","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"11","key":"998_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2014.1984","volume":"60","author":"R Eccles","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eccles R, Ioannou I, Serafeim G (2014) The impact of corporate sustainability on organizational processes and performance. J Manag Sci 60(11):2835\u20132857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.2014.1984","journal-title":"J Manag Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.2250","volume":"28","author":"MH Elmagrhi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elmagrhi MH, Ntim CG, Elamer AA, Zhang Q (2019) A study of environmental policies and regulations governance structures and environmental performance: the role of female directors. Bus Strategy Environ 28(1):206\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bse.2250","journal-title":"Bus Strategy Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/emre.12329","volume":"17","author":"MH Elmagrhi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elmagrhi MH, Ntim CG, Wang Y, Abdou HA, Zalata AM (2020) Corporate governance disclosure index\u2013executive pay nexus: the moderating effect of governance mechanisms. Eur Manag Rev 17(1):121\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/emre.12329","journal-title":"Eur Manag Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"998_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1177\/0007650320930638","volume":"60","author":"J De Endrikat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Endrikat J, De Villiers C, Guenther TW, Guenther EM (2021) Board characteristics and corporate social responsibility: a meta-analytic investigation. Bus Soc Rev 60(8):2099\u20132135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0007650320930638","journal-title":"Bus Soc Rev"},{"key":"998_CR50","unstructured":"European Commission (2011) Green paper on the EU corporate governance framework. European Commission Brussels"},{"key":"998_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18453","author":"AA Faozi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Faozi AA, Elsheikh T, Abdelkhair F, Mazrou Y (2023) The impact of corporate environmental disclosure practices and board attributes on sustainability: empirical evidence from Asia and Europe. Heliyon. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18453","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"998_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.3147","volume":"32","author":"C Fern\u00e1ndez-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-M\u00e9ndez C, Pathan S (2025) Mandated board gender diversity and ESG performance: evidence from the European women on boards directive. Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag 32:3602\u20133620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/csr.3147","journal-title":"Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag"},{"key":"998_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferreira D (2010) Board diversity. In: Baker HK, Anderson R (eds) Corporate governance: a synthesis of theory research and practice. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118258439.ch12","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118258439.ch12"},{"key":"998_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfj.2018.05.006","author":"SP Ferris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferris SP, Jayaraman N, Liao MY (2020) Better directors or distracted directors? An international analysis of busy boards. Glob Finance J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gfj.2018.05.006","journal-title":"Glob Finance J"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2006.00852.x","volume":"61","author":"EM Fich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fich EM, Shivdasani A (2006) Are busy boards effective monitors? J Financ 61(2):689\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2006.00852.x","journal-title":"J Financ"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2011.0234","volume":"38","author":"SR Fitzsimmons","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fitzsimmons SR (2013) Multicultural employees: a framework for understanding how they contribute to organizations. Acad Manag Rev 38(4):525\u2013549","journal-title":"Acad Manag Rev"},{"key":"998_CR58","volume-title":"Social and solidarity economy: our common road towards decent work. Social and solidarity economy Academy, 24\u201328 October 2011, Montreal, canada: the reader 2011","author":"B Fonteneau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fonteneau B, Neamtan N, Wanyama F, Morais L, De Poorter M, Borzaga C, Galera G, Fox T, Ojong N (2011) Social and solidarity economy: our common road towards decent work. Social and solidarity economy Academy, 24\u201328 October 2011, Montreal, canada: the reader 2011, 3rd edn. International Labour Office, Turin, Italy","edition":"3"},{"key":"998_CR59","volume-title":"Strategic management. A stakeholder approach","author":"RE Freeman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Freeman RE (1984) Strategic management. A stakeholder approach. Pitman Publishing, Bath"},{"issue":"7","key":"998_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206321993576","volume":"47","author":"RE Freeman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Freeman RE, Dmytriyev SD, Phillips RA (2021) Stakeholder theory and resourced-based view of the firm. J Manag 47(7):1757\u20131770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206321993576","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"key":"998_CR61","unstructured":"French Association of Large Companies (AFEP) and the Movement of the Enterprises of France (MEDEF) (2022) Corporate Governance Code of Listed Companies. https:\/\/www.ecgi.global\/publications\/codes\/corporate-governance-code-of-listed-corporations-2022"},{"key":"998_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.155","author":"JA Fuente","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fuente JA, Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez IM, Lozano MB (2017) The role of the board of directors in the adoption of GRI guidelines for the disclosure of CSR information. J Clean Prod. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.155","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"6","key":"998_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1504\/EJIM.2012.050425","volume":"6","author":"F Galia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Galia F, Zenou E (2012) Board composition and forms of innovation: does diversity make a difference? Eur J Int Manag 6(6):630\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/EJIM.2012.050425","journal-title":"Eur J Int Manag"},{"key":"998_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1111\/beer.12580","volume":"32","author":"F Gangi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gangi F, Varrone N, Coscia M (2023) Board cultural diversity and bank social performance: the mediating role of corporate social responsibility strategy. Bus Ethtics Environ Responsib 32:1310\u20131320 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/beer.12580","journal-title":"Bus Ethtics Environ Responsib"},{"key":"998_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2021.102010","author":"J Garcia-Blandon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garcia-Blandon J, Argil\u00e9s-Bosch JM, Ravenda D, Castillo-Merino D (2022) Board gender quotas female directors and corporate tax aggressiveness: a causal approach. Int Rev Financ Anal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.irfa.2021.102010","journal-title":"Int Rev Financ Anal"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.1481","volume":"25","author":"I-M Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez I-M, Mart\u00ednez-Ferrero J (2018) How do independent directors behave with respect to sustainability disclosure? Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag 25(4):609\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/csr.1481","journal-title":"Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2018.10.007","volume":"28","author":"IM Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez IM, Su\u00e1rez-Fern\u00e1ndez O, Mart\u00ednez-Ferrero J (2019) Female directors and impression management in sustainability reporting. Int Bus Rev 28(2):359\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2018.10.007","journal-title":"Int Bus Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.17763\/haer.47.4.g6167429416hg5l0","volume":"47","author":"C Gilligan","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gilligan C (1977) In a different voice: women\u2019s conceptions of self and of morality. Harv Educ Rev 47(4):481\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17763\/haer.47.4.g6167429416hg5l0","journal-title":"Harv Educ Rev"},{"key":"998_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2014.05.004","volume":"28","author":"M Goergen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goergen M, Renneboog L (2014) Inside the board room. J Corp Financ 28:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2014.05.004","journal-title":"J Corp Financ"},{"key":"998_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2020.107835","author":"K Govindan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Govindan K, Kilic M, Uyar A, Karaman AS (2021) Drivers and value-relevance of CSR performance in the logistics sector: a cross-country firm-level investigation. Int J Prod Econ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpe.2020.107835","journal-title":"Int J Prod Econ"},{"key":"998_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/beer.12470","volume":"31","author":"A Grau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grau A, Bel I (2022) Do board subcommittees boost European firm value? The moderating role of gender diversity on boards. Bus Ethtics Environ Responsib 31:1014\u20131039 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/beer.12470","journal-title":"Bus Ethtics Environ Responsib"},{"key":"998_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2019.101526","volume":"60","author":"D Greene","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greene D, Intintoli VJ, Kahle KM (2020) Do board gender quotas affect firm value? Evidence from California Senate bill 826. J Corp Financ 60:101526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2019.101526","journal-title":"J Corp Financ"},{"key":"998_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-012-1272-z","volume":"112","author":"T Hafsi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hafsi T, Turgut G (2013) Boardroom diversity and its effect on social performance: conceptualization and empirical evidence. J Bus Ethics 112:463\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-012-1272-z","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-014-2343-0","volume":"132","author":"M Harjoto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harjoto M, Laksmana I, Lee R (2015) Board diversity and corporate social responsibility. J Bus Ethics 132(4):641\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-014-2343-0","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1108\/CG-04-2018-0138","volume":"19","author":"MA Harjoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harjoto MA, Laksmana I, Yang YW (2019) Board nationality and educational background diversity and corporate social performance. Corp Gov 19(2):217\u2013239.","journal-title":"Corp Gov"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2003.10196729","volume":"28","author":"AJ Hillman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hillman AJ, Dalziel T (2003) Boards of directors and firm performance: integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives. Acad Manag Rev 28(3):383\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amr.2003.10196729","journal-title":"Acad Manag Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"998_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206309343469","volume":"35","author":"AJ Hillman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hillman AJ, Withers MC, Collins BJ (2009) Resource dependence theory: a review. J Manag 35(6):1404\u20131427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206309343469","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"key":"998_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-017-3769-y","volume":"158","author":"S Homroy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Homroy S, Slechten A (2019) Do board expertise and networked boards affect environmental performance? J Bus Ethics 158:269\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-017-3769-y","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"key":"998_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12603","author":"N Hussain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hussain N, Khan SA, Nguyen DK, Stocchetti A, Corbet S (2023) Board-level governance and corporate social responsibility: a meta\u2010analytic review. J Econ Surv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joes.12603","journal-title":"J Econ Surv"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027334524775","volume":"47","author":"NA Ibrahim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ibrahim NA, Howard DP, Angelidis JP (2003) Board members in the service industry: an empirical examination of the relationship between corporate social responsibility orientation and directorial type. J Bus Ethics 47(4):393\u2013401","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"key":"998_CR80","unstructured":"Institutional Shareholder Services (2022) Continental Europe Proxy Voting Guidelines Benchmark Policy Recommendations https:\/\/www.issgovernance.com\/policy-gateway\/voting-policies\/"},{"key":"998_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-014-2302-9","volume":"132","author":"H Isidro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Isidro H, Sobral M (2015) The effects of women on corporate boards on firm value, financial performance, and ethical and social compliance. J Bus Ethics 132:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-014-2302-9","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"10","key":"998_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2010.04.013","volume":"34","author":"Y Jiao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jiao Y (2010) Stakeholder welfare and firm value. J Bank Financ 34(10):2549\u20132561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2010.04.013","journal-title":"J Bank Financ"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jempfin.2007.07.002","volume":"15","author":"P Jiraporn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jiraporn P, Kim YS, Davidson WN (2008) Multiple directorships and corporate diversification. J Empir Finance 15(3):418\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jempfin.2007.07.002@@@","journal-title":"J Empir Finance"},{"issue":"5","key":"998_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.2307\/256977","volume":"42","author":"RA Johnson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Johnson RA, Greening DW (1999) The effects of corporate governance and institutional ownership types on corporate social performance acad. Manage J 42(5):564\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/256977","journal-title":"Manage J"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8683.2007.00554.x","volume":"15","author":"H Kang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kang H, Cheng M, Gray SJ (2007) Corporate governance and board composition: diversity and independence of Australian boards corp. Gov Int Rev 15(2):194\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8683.2007.00554.x","journal-title":"Gov Int Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-017-3672-6","volume":"157","author":"N Katmon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Katmon N, Mohamad ZZ, Norwani NM, Farooque O (2017) Comprehensive board diversity and quality of corporate social responsibility disclosure: evidence from an emerging market. J Bus Ethics 157(2):1\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-017-3672-6","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-01-2022-0055","volume":"73","author":"I Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan I, Khan I, Khan IU, Suleman S, Ali S (2023) Board diversity on firm performance from resource-based view perspective: new evidence from Pakistan. Int J Prod Perform Manag 73(3):649\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJPPM-01-2022-0055","journal-title":"Int J Prod Perform Manag"},{"key":"998_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141430","author":"TY Khaw","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khaw TY, Azlan A, Teoh AP (2024) Factors influencing ESG performance: a bibliometric analysis systematic literature review and future research directions. J Clean Prod. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141430","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"998_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/beer.12712","volume":"00","author":"M Khenissi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khenissi M, Hamrouni A, Ben Farhat N (2024) Do independent directors inform the share of CSR criteria in executive compensation? Moderating effect of gender diversity bus. Ethtics Environ Responsib 00:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/beer.12712","journal-title":"Ethtics Environ Responsib"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.1716","volume":"26","author":"V Lagasio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lagasio V, Cucari N (2019) Corporate governance and environmental social governance disclosure: a meta-analytical review. Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag 26(4):701\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/csr.1716","journal-title":"Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag"},{"issue":"6","key":"998_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206308324322","volume":"34","author":"AO Laplume","year":"2008","unstructured":"Laplume AO, Sonpar K, Litz RA (2008) Stakeholder theory: reviewing a theory that moves us. J Manag 34(6):1152\u20131189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206308324322","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/beer.12275","volume":"29","author":"B Latif","year":"2020","unstructured":"Latif B, Voordeckers W, Lambrechts F, Hendriks W (2020) Multiple directorships in emerging countries: fiduciary duties at stake? Bus Ethtics Environ Responsib 29(3):629\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/beer.12275","journal-title":"Bus Ethtics Environ Responsib"},{"key":"998_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-014-2513-0","volume":"136","author":"C Lau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lau C, Lu Y, Liang Q (2016) Corporate social responsibility in China: a corporate governance approach. J Bus Ethics 136:73\u201387.","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"key":"998_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2019.101320","author":"X Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li X, Li Y (2020) Female independent directors and financial irregularities in Chinese listed firms: from the perspective of audit committee chairpersons. Finance Res Lett. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.frl.2019.101320","journal-title":"Finance Res Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"998_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1111\/eufm.12214","volume":"25","author":"Y Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhang X-Y (2019) Impact of board gender composition on corporate debt maturity structures. Eur Financ Manag 25(5):1286\u20131320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eufm.12214","journal-title":"Eur Financ Manag"},{"key":"998_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00187-022-00334-x","volume":"33","author":"Y de Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, de Villiers C, Li LZ, Li L (2022) The moderating effect of board gender diversity on the relation between corporate social responsibility and firm value. J Manag Control 33:109\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00187-022-00334-x","journal-title":"J Manag Control"},{"key":"998_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2018.08.004","volume":"52","author":"C Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu C (2018) Are women greener? Corporate gender diversity and environmental violations. Corp Financ 52:118\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2018.08.004","journal-title":"Corp Financ"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3390\/ijfs3040530","volume":"3","author":"S Majeed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Majeed S, Aziz T, Saleem S (2015) The effect of corporate governance elements on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure: an empirical evidence from listed companies at KSE Pakistan. Int J Fin Stud 3(4):530\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijfs3040530","journal-title":"Int J Fin Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/00014788.2011.550740","volume":"41","author":"CA Mallin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mallin CA, Michelon G (2011) Board reputation attributes and corporate social performance: an empirical investigation of the US Best Corporate Citizens. Acc Bus Res 41(2):119\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00014788.2011.550740","journal-title":"Acc Bus Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/13545701.2014.895404","volume":"20","author":"JF Mart\u00edn-Ugedo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Ugedo JF, Minguez-Vera A (2014) Firm performance and women on the board: evidence from Spanish small and medium-sized enterprises. Fem Eco 20(3):136\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13545701.2014.895404","journal-title":"Fem Eco"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.2080","volume":"28","author":"J Mart\u00ednez-Ferrero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Ferrero J, Lozano MB, Vivas M (2021) The impact of board cultural diversity on a firm\u2019s commitment toward the sustainability issues of emerging countries: the mediating effect of a CSR committee corp. Soc Responsib Environ Manag 28(2):675\u2013685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/csr.2080","journal-title":"Soc Responsib Environ Manag"},{"key":"998_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2024.114782","author":"I Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda I, Terjesen S, Gomez-Anson S (2024) Regulating board gender diversity in Europe: the influence of cultural governmental and women\u2019s institutions. J Bus Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2024.114782","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"key":"998_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2016.11.001","volume":"42","author":"PB McGuinness","year":"2017","unstructured":"McGuinness PB, Vieito JP, Wang M (2017) The role of board gender and foreign ownership in the CSR performance of Chinese listed firms. Corp Financ 42:75\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2016.11.001","journal-title":"Corp Financ"},{"issue":"8","key":"998_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1108\/CG-04-2023-0146","volume":"24","author":"E Menicucci","year":"2024","unstructured":"Menicucci E, Paolucci G (2024) Board gender equality and ESG performance evidence from European banking sector. Corp Gov 24(8):147\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CG-04-2023-0146","journal-title":"Corp Gov"},{"issue":"5","key":"998_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2009.00839.x","volume":"46","author":"T Miller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miller T, Triana MDC (2009) Demographic diversity in the boardroom: mediators of the board diversity-Firm performance relationship. J Manag Stud 46(5):755\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2009.00839.x","journal-title":"J Manag Stud"},{"key":"998_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2025.107352","volume":"80","author":"A Mnasri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mnasri A, Temimi A, Arouri H (2025) Board gender diversity and ESG performance balance in GCC firms. FinResLett 80:107352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.frl.2025.107352","journal-title":"FinResLett"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1108\/SAMPJ-09-2020-0313","volume":"13","author":"D Mustafa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mustafa D, Mustafa K, Farah F (2022) Board characteristics and sustainability performance: empirical evidence from emerging markets. Sustain Acc Mana 13(4):929\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/SAMPJ-09-2020-0313","journal-title":"Sustain Acc Mana"},{"key":"998_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1108\/PAR-01-2013-0007","volume":"27","author":"MB Muttakin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muttakin MB, Khan A, Subramaniam N (2015) Firm characteristics, board diversity and corporate social responsibility disclosure. Pac Acc Rev 27:353\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/PAR-01-2013-0007","journal-title":"Pac Acc Rev"},{"key":"998_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117727","author":"V Naciti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naciti V (2019) Corporate governance and board of directors: The effect of a board composition on firm sustainability performance. J Clean Prod. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117727","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"998_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.02.141","volume":"149","author":"M Nadeem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nadeem M, Zaman R, Saleem I (2017) Boardroom gender diversity and corporate sustainability practices: evidence from Australian Securities Exchange listed firms. J Clean Prod 149:874\u2013885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.02.141","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"8","key":"998_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.2563","volume":"29","author":"M Nadeem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nadeem M, Bahadar S, Gull AA, Iqbal U (2020) Are women eco-friendly? Board gender diversity and environmental innovation. Bus Strategy Environ 29(8):3146\u20133161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bse.2563","journal-title":"Bus Strategy Environ"},{"key":"998_CR112","unstructured":"National Securities Market Commission (CNMV) (2020) Good Governance Code of Listed Companies https:\/\/www.cnmv.es\/portal\/legislacion\/cobg\/cobg?lang=en"},{"key":"998_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8683.2010.00784.x","volume":"18","author":"S Nielsen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nielsen S, Huse M (2010) The contribution of women on boards of directors: going beyond the surface corp. Gov Int Rev 18:136\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8683.2010.00784.x","journal-title":"Gov Int Rev"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"998_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/20430795.2012.655889","volume":"1","author":"KP Nielsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nielsen KP, Noergaard RW (2011) CSR and mainstream investing: a new match? An analysis of the existing ESG integration methods in theory and practice and the way forward. J Sustain Finance Invest 1(3\u20134):209\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20430795.2012.655889","journal-title":"J Sustain Finance Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1108\/JFRA-02-2023-0107","volume":"22","author":"Y Nuhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nuhu Y, Alam A (2024) Board characteristics and ESG disclosure in energy industry: evidence from emerging economies. J Financ Rep Acc 22(1):7\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JFRA-02-2023-0107","journal-title":"J Financ Rep Acc"},{"issue":"6","key":"998_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5656","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.2881","volume":"31","author":"MD Odriozola","year":"2024","unstructured":"Odriozola MD, Blanco-Gonz\u00e1lez A, Baraibar-Diez E (2024) The link of ESG performance and board gender diversity in European firms. Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag 31(6):5656\u20135669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/csr.2881","journal-title":"Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag"},{"issue":"7","key":"998_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1177\/01492063166538","volume":"44","author":"WY Oh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oh WY, Chang YK, Kim TY (2018) Complementary or substitutive effects? Corporate governance mechanisms and corporate social responsibility. J Manag 44(7):2716\u20132739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01492063166538","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/SRJ-06-2018-0135","volume":"16","author":"T Ong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ong T, Djajadikerta HG (2018) Corporate governance and sustainability reporting in the Australian resources industry: an empirical analysis. Soc Responsib J 16(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/SRJ-06-2018-0135","journal-title":"Soc Responsib J"},{"key":"998_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.1915","volume":"27","author":"N Orazalin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orazalin N, Baydauletov M (2020) Corporate social responsibility strategy and corporate environmental and social performance: the moderating role of board gender diversity corp Soc. Responsib Environ Manag 27:1664\u20131676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/csr.1915","journal-title":"Responsib Environ Manag"},{"issue":"11","key":"998_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-05-2023-0445","volume":"28","author":"F Di Paolone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paolone F, Pozzoli M, Chhabra M, Di Vaio A (2024) Cultural and gender diversity for ESG performance towards knowledge sharing: empirical evidence from European banks. J Knowl Manag 28(11):106\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JKM-05-2023-0445","journal-title":"J Knowl Manag"},{"issue":"9","key":"998_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-07-2022-0512","volume":"27","author":"P Paoloni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paoloni P, Lombardi R, Principale S (2023) The impact of gender diversity on corporate social responsibility knowledge: empirical analysis in European context. J Knowl Manag 27(9):2484\u20132498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JKM-07-2022-0512","journal-title":"J Knowl Manag"},{"key":"998_CR122","volume-title":"The external control of organizations. A resource dependence perspective","author":"J Pfeffer","year":"1978","unstructured":"Pfeffer J, Salancik G (1978) The external control of organizations. A resource dependence perspective. Harper & Row, New York"},{"key":"998_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2018.08.001","author":"MC Ram\u00f3n-Llorens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ram\u00f3n-Llorens MC, Garc\u00eda-Meca E, Pucheta-Mart\u00ednez MC (2019) The role of human and social board capital in driving CSR reporting. Long Range Plan. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lrp.2018.08.001","journal-title":"Long Range Plan"},{"key":"998_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250160202","volume":"16","author":"KJ Rediker","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rediker KJ, Seth A (1995) Boards of directors and substitution effects of alternative governance mechanisms. Strateg Manag J 16:85\u201399. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2486913","journal-title":"Strateg Manag J"},{"key":"998_CR125","unstructured":"Refinitiv (2025) Index rule book Euronext Sustainable Europe 120. Retrieved from https:\/\/live.euronext.com\/en\/product\/indices\/QS0011250873-XAMS\/market-information"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1108\/JIC-11-2020-0359","volume":"23","author":"N Reguera-Alvarado","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reguera-Alvarado N, Bravo-Urquiza F (2022) The influence of board social capital on corporate social responsibility reporting. J Intellect Cap 23(4):913\u2013935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JIC-11-2020-0359","journal-title":"J Intellect Cap"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(90)90002-H","volume":"26","author":"S Rosenstein","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rosenstein S, Wyatt JG (1990) Outside directors board independence and shareholder wealth. J Financ Econ 26(2):175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0304-405X(90)90002-H","journal-title":"J Financ Econ"},{"key":"998_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8551.2005.00433.x","volume":"16","author":"MK Ryan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ryan MK, Haslam SA (2005) The glass cliff: evidence that women are over-represented in precarious leadership positions. Br J Manag 16:81\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8551.2005.00433.x","journal-title":"Br J Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70097","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5185735","volume":"8","author":"MW Saleh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saleh MW, Alshdaifat SM, Shubita MF, Mansour M, Lutfi A (2025) Gender diversity and environmental, social, and governance: unlocking solutions to corporate risk. Bus Strat Dev 8(1):e70097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5185735","journal-title":"Bus Strat Dev"},{"key":"998_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.111582","author":"M Shahbaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahbaz M, Karaman AS, Kilic M, Uyar A (2020) Board attributes CSR engagement and corporate performance: what is the nexus in the energy sector? Energy Policy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.111582","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"998_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102144","author":"MH Shakil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shakil MH (2021) Environmental social and governance performance and financial risk: Moderating role of ESG controversies and board gender diversity. Resour Policy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102144","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1108\/IJBM-04-2020-0210","volume":"39","author":"MH Shakil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shakil MH, Tasnia M, Mostafiz MI (2021) Board gender diversity and environmental, social and governance performance of US banks: moderating role of environmental, social and corporate governance controversies. Int J Bank Mark 39(4):661\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJBM-04-2020-0210","journal-title":"Int J Bank Mark"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-022-01789-w","volume":"14","author":"S Singhania","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singhania S, Singh J, Aggrawal D (2023) Gender diversity on board and corporate sustainability: a quantitative review based on bibliometric mapping. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag 14(1):267\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13198-022-01789-w","journal-title":"Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2307\/258788","volume":"20","author":"MC Suchman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Suchman MC (1995) Managing legitimacy: strategic and institutional approaches. Acad Manage Rev 20(3):571\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/258788","journal-title":"Acad Manage Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2012.07.005","volume":"22","author":"A Tatli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tatli A, Vassilopoulou J, \u00d6zbilgin M (2013) An unrequited affinity between talent shortages and untapped female potential: the relevance of gender quotas for talent management in high growth potential economies of the Asia Pacific region. Int Bus Rev 22(3):539\u2013553","journal-title":"Int Bus Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2013.06.008","volume":"23","author":"K Van Veen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Veen K, Sahib PR, Aangeenbrug E (2014) Where do international board members come from? Country-level antecedents of international board member selection in European boards. Int Bus Rev 23(2):407\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2013.06.008","journal-title":"Int Bus Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1108\/JGR-01-2016-0001","volume":"7","author":"P Velte","year":"2016","unstructured":"Velte P (2016) Women on management board and ESG performance. J Glob Responsib 7(1):98\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JGR-01-2016-0001","journal-title":"J Glob Responsib"},{"key":"998_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4857","DOI":"10.3390\/su15064857","volume":"15","author":"Q Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Q, Sun M, Wang K (2023) Do reputation incentives matter? Busy directors and corporate social responsibility in China. Sustainability 15:4857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15064857","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"998_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2023.2240559","author":"I Wiredu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wiredu I, Osei Agyemang A, Agbadzidah SY (2023) Does green accounting influences ecological sustainability? Evidence from a developing economy. Cogent Bus Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311975.2023.2240559","journal-title":"Cogent Bus Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR140","first-page":"99","volume":"19","author":"M Wissmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wissmann M, Toutenburg H, Shalabh S (2011) Role of categorical variables in multicollinearity in the linear regression model. J Appl Stat Sci 19(1):99\u2013113","journal-title":"J Appl Stat Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"998_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1108\/MRR-03-2021-0236","volume":"45","author":"Q Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu Q, Furuoka F, Lau SC (2022) Corporate social responsibility and board gender diversity: a meta-analysis. Manag Res Rev 45(7):956\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/MRR-03-2021-0236","journal-title":"Manag Res Rev"},{"key":"998_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123319","author":"SR Yarram","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yarram SR, Adapa S (2021) Board gender diversity and corporate social responsibility: is there a case for critical mass? J Clean Prod. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123319","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"5","key":"998_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1108\/CG-11-2019-0343","volume":"20","author":"M Zaid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zaid M, Wang M, Abuhijleh S, Issa A, Saleh M, Ali F (2020) Corporate governance practices and capital structure decisions: the moderating effect of gender diversity. Corp Gov 20(5):939\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CG-11-2019-0343","journal-title":"Corp Gov"}],"container-title":["Review of Managerial Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11846-026-00998-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11846-026-00998-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11846-026-00998-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T02:48:43Z","timestamp":1772246923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11846-026-00998-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":143,"alternative-id":["998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11846-026-00998-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-6683","1863-6691"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-6683","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-6691","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}