{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T02:14:45Z","timestamp":1777342485838,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT - Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ciencia e Tecnologia","award":["Grant number PD\/BD\/150571\/2020."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant number PD\/BD\/150571\/2020."]}]},{"name":"FCT- Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia \/CIS-Iscte","award":["UIDB\/03125\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/03125\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017159","name":"ISCTE \u2013 Instituto Universit\u00e1rio","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017159","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Police Crim Psych"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to identify the determinants of burnout in police officers. We considered a wide range of psychosocial risk factors, individual variables that have been previously found to be associated with burnout in police officers (affective and cognitive empathy, self-care), and variables whose unique impact on burnout of police officers needs further clarification (organizational justice and organizational identification). The study was conducted in Portugal, and the sample was constituted by 573 members of the National Republican Guard (GNR\u2014Guarda Nacional Republicana). The participants were invited to answer an online anonymous survey, which included previously validated measures of the following variables: burnout (exhaustion and disengagement), psychosocial risk factors, self-care, empathy (cognitive and affective), organizational justice, and organizational identification. Furthermore, we controlled for the potential impact of demographic variables (age, gender, years of professional experience, religiosity, political orientation, and income). Multiple regression analysis showed that when taken together, only a few of the variables associated with burnout had a unique impact on both exhaustion and disengagement: quantitative demands and affective empathy were burnout risk factors; meaningful work, organizational justice (distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice), and organizational identification were burnout protective factors. Our results highlight the importance of developing theoretical models and planning interventions to prevent burnout in police officers, focusing mainly on the above-mentioned variables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11896-023-09584-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T08:27:01Z","timestamp":1680769621000},"page":"622-638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Protecting Police Officers Against Burnout: Overcoming a Fragmented Research Field"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9982-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Correia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Rom\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreia E.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"9584_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams JS (1965) Inequity in social exchange. In Berkowitz L (ed) Advances in experimental social psychology (2nd ed., pp 267\u2013299). Academic Press","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60108-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"9584_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-79722009000200017","volume":"22","author":"JMP Afonso","year":"2009","unstructured":"Afonso JMP, Gomes AR (2009) Stress ocupacional em profissionais de seguran\u00e7a p\u00fablica: Um estudo com militares da Guarda Nacional Republicana. Psicologia 22(2):294\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0102-79722009000200017","journal-title":"Psicologia"},{"key":"9584_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2017.10.001","volume":"69","author":"L Avanzi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Avanzi L, Fraccaroli F, Castelli L, Marcionetti J, Crescentini A, Balducci C, Dick R (2018) How to mobilize social support against workload and burnout: the role of organizational identification. Teach Teach Educ 69:154\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2017.10.001","journal-title":"Teach Teach Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20004","volume":"43","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Verbeke W (2004) Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Hum Resour Manage 43(1):83\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hrm.20004","journal-title":"Hum Resour Manage"},{"issue":"5","key":"9584_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1108\/PIJPSM-01-2017-0007","volume":"41","author":"MC Beagley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beagley MC, Peterson ZD, Strasshofer DR, Galovski TE (2018) Sex differences in posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in police officers following exposure to violence in Ferguson: the moderating effect of empathy. Policing 41(5):623\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/PIJPSM-01-2017-0007","journal-title":"Policing"},{"issue":"2","key":"9584_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11896-020-09407-w","volume":"36","author":"S Bhowmick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhowmick S, Mulla Z (2021) Who gets burnout and when? The role of personality, job control, and organizational identification in predicting burnout among police officers. J Police Crim Psychol 36(2):243\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11896-020-09407-w","journal-title":"J Police Crim Psychol"},{"key":"9584_CR7","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Research on negotiation in organizations","author":"RJ Bies","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bies RJ, Moag JF (1986) Interactional justice: communication criteria for fairness. In: Lewicki RJ, Sheppard BH, Bazerman MH (eds) Research on negotiation in organizations. JAI Press, pp 43\u201355"},{"issue":"10","key":"9584_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1080\/10439463.2021.1881518","volume":"31","author":"L Bloksgaard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bloksgaard L, Prieur A (2021) Policing by social skills: the importance of empathy and appropriate emotional expressions in the recruitment, selection and education of Danish police officers. Polic Soc 31(10):1232\u20131247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10439463.2021.1881518","journal-title":"Polic Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370813491898","volume":"11","author":"B Bradford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bradford B, Quinton P, Myhill A, Porter G (2013) Why do \u2018the law\u2019 comply? Procedural justice, group identification and officer motivation in police organizations. Eur J Criminol 11(1):110\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1477370813491898","journal-title":"Eur J Criminol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9584_CR10","first-page":"287","volume":"3","author":"RJ Burke","year":"1988","unstructured":"Burke RJ (1988) Some antecedents and consequences of work\u2013family conflict. J Soc Behav Pers 3(4):287\u2013302","journal-title":"J Soc Behav Pers"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1989.65.1.3","volume":"65","author":"RJ Burke","year":"1989","unstructured":"Burke RJ (1989) Career stages, satisfaction, and well-being among police officers. Psychol Rep 65(1):3\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1989.65.1.3","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1037\/1072-5245.13.1.64","volume":"13","author":"RJ Burke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burke RJ, Mikkelsen A (2006) Burnout among Norwegian police officers: potential antecedents and consequences. Int J Stress Manag 13(1):64\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1072-5245.13.1.64","journal-title":"Int J Stress Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2019.1617144","volume":"24","author":"ME Burnett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burnett ME, Sheard I, St Clair-Thompson H (2019) The prevalence of compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction and perceived stress, and their relationships with mental toughness, individual differences and number of self-care actions in a UK police force. Police Pract Res 24(1):383\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15614263.2019.1617144","journal-title":"Police Pract Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"9584_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2017.1387784","volume":"19","author":"JM Carr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carr JM, Maxwell SR (2018) Police officers\u2019 perceptions of organizational justice and their trust in the public. Police Pract Res 19(4):365\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15614263.2017.1387784","journal-title":"Police Pract Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"9584_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-103898","volume":"74","author":"WJ Cheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheng WJ, Cheng Y (2016) Night shift and rotating shift in association with sleep problems, burnout and minor mental disorder in male and female employees. Occup Environ Med 74(7):483\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2016-103898","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"9584_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.566139","author":"I Correia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Correia I, Almeida AE (2020) Organizational justice, professional identification, empathy, and meaningful work during COVID-19 pandemic: are they burnout protectors in physicians and nurses? Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.566139","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"9584_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01160","author":"I Correia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Correia I, Pereira CR, Vala J (2018) Under victimization by an outgroup: belief in a just world, national identification, and ingroup blame. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01160","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"9584_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000570","volume":"40","author":"T Costa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Costa T, Passos F, Queir\u00f3s C (2019) Suicides of male Portuguese police officers \u2013 10 years of national data. Crisis 40:360\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000570","journal-title":"Crisis"},{"key":"9584_CR19","volume-title":"Empathy: a social psychological approach","author":"MH Davis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Davis MH (1994) Empathy: a social psychological approach. Westview Press"},{"issue":"2","key":"9584_CR20","first-page":"81","volume":"14","author":"A DeCarufel","year":"1990","unstructured":"DeCarufel A, Schaan J-L (1990) The impact of compressed work weeks on police job involvement. Canadian Police College Journal 14(2):81\u201397","journal-title":"Canadian Police College Journal"},{"key":"9584_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01106","volume":"6","author":"E Delvaux","year":"2015","unstructured":"Delvaux E, Meeussen L, Mesquita B (2015) Feel like you belong: on the bidirectional link between emotional fit and group identification in task groups. Front Psychol 6:1106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01106","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9584_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499","volume":"86","author":"E Demerouti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli WB (2001) The job demands-resources model of burnout. J Appl Psychol 86(3):499\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1027\/\/1015-5759.19.1.12","volume":"19","author":"E Demerouti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Vardakou I, Kantas A (2003) The convergent validity of two burnout instruments: a multitrait\u2013multimethod analysis. Eur J Psychol Assess 19(1):12\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/\/1015-5759.19.1.12","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/job.123","volume":"23","author":"J Diefendorff","year":"2002","unstructured":"Diefendorff J, Brown D, Kamin A, Lord R (2002) Examining the roles of job involvement and work centrality in predicting organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance. J Organ Behav 23(1):93\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.123","journal-title":"J Organ Behav"},{"key":"9584_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019637632584","volume":"17","author":"SI Donaldson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Donaldson SI, Grant-Vallone EJ (2002) Understanding self-report bias in organizational behavioral research. J Bus Psychol 17:245\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1019637632584","journal-title":"J Bus Psychol"},{"key":"9584_CR26","volume-title":"Empathy and its development","author":"N Eisenberg","year":"1987","unstructured":"Eisenberg N, Strayer J (1987) Empathy and its development. Cambridge University Press"},{"key":"9584_CR27","volume-title":"ESS round 9 source questionnaire","author":"European Social Survey","year":"2018","unstructured":"European Social Survey (2018) ESS round 9 source questionnaire. University of London, London"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x","volume":"30","author":"HJ Freudenberger","year":"1974","unstructured":"Freudenberger HJ (1974) Staff burn-out. J Soc Issues 30(1):159\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"key":"9584_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/SJP.2015.71","author":"L Galiana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galiana L, Oliver A, Sans\u00f3 N, Benito E (2015) Validation of a new instrument for self-care in Spanish palliative care professionals nationwide. Span J Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/SJP.2015.71","journal-title":"Span J Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9584_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2010.02.004","volume":"11","author":"M Gerber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gerber M, Kellmann M, Hartmann T, Puhse U (2010) Do exercise and fitness buffer against stress among Swiss police and emergency response service officers? Psychol Sport Exerc 11(4):286\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2010.02.004","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"9584_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839914541279","volume":"15","author":"HH Goltz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goltz HH, Smith ML (2014) Forming and developing your professional identity: easy as PI. Health Promot Pract 15(6):785\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524839914541279","journal-title":"Health Promot Pract"},{"key":"9584_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gomes AR, Afonso JMP (2016) Occupational stress and coping among Portuguese military police officers. Av Psicol Latinoam 34(1):47\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12804\/apl34.1.2016.04","DOI":"10.12804\/apl34.1.2016.04"},{"key":"9584_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1993.1004","volume":"54","author":"J Greenberg","year":"1993","unstructured":"Greenberg J (1993) Stealing in the name of justice: informational and interpersonal moderators of theft reactions to underpayment inequity. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 54:81\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/obhd.1993.1004","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Decis Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/07418829700093221","volume":"14","author":"R Haarr","year":"1997","unstructured":"Haarr R (1997) Patterns of interaction in a police patrol bureau: race and gender barriers to integration. Justice Q 14(1):53\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07418829700093221","journal-title":"Justice Q"},{"issue":"4","key":"9584_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/1748895814566288","volume":"15","author":"NE Haas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haas NE, Van Craen M, Skogan WG, Fleitas DM (2015) Explaining officer compliance: the importance of procedural justice and trust inside a police organization. Criminol Crim Just 15(4):442\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1748895814566288","journal-title":"Criminol Crim Just"},{"issue":"3","key":"9584_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370802379432","volume":"22","author":"JJ Hakanen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hakanen JJ, Schaufeli WB, Ahola K (2008) The job demands-resources model: a three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work Stress 22(3):224\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02678370802379432","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1348\/096317908X401723","volume":"83","author":"GB Hall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hall GB, Dollard MF, Tuckey MR, Winefield AH, Thompson BM (2010) Job demands, work-family conflict, and emotional exhaustion in police officers: a longitudinal test of competing theories. J Occup Organ Psychol 83(1):237\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/096317908X401723","journal-title":"J Occup Organ Psychol"},{"key":"9584_CR38","unstructured":"Harris RJ (1985) A primer of multivariate statistics (2nd ed.). Academic Press"},{"key":"9584_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/861219","volume":"2012","author":"TA Hartley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hartley TA, Knox SS, Fekedulegn D, Barbosa-Leiker C, Violanti JM, Andrew ME, Burchfiel CM (2012) Association between depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome in police officers: results from two cross-sectional studies. J Environ Public Health 2012:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/861219","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"9584_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203813195","volume-title":"The social cure: identity, health and well-being","author":"J Jetten","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jetten J, Haslam C, Haslam SA (2012) The social cure: identity, health and well-being. Psychology Press"},{"issue":"4","key":"9584_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.08.010","volume":"29","author":"D Jolliffe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jolliffe D, Farrington DP (2006) Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. J Adolesc 29(4):589\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.08.010","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"9584_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1108\/JMP-11-2013-0359","volume":"30","author":"M Karanika-Murray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karanika-Murray M, Duncan N, Pontes HM, Griffiths MD (2015) Organizational identification, work engagement, and job satisfaction. J Manag Psychol 30:1019\u20131033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JMP-11-2013-0359","journal-title":"J Manag Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR43","first-page":"79","volume":"8","author":"I Kaygusuz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaygusuz I, Beduk A (2015) The relationship between organizational justice and burnout in professional life: a research on police officers. Int J Manag Mark Res 8(1):79\u201392","journal-title":"Int J Manag Mark Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"9584_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/278730","volume":"2012","author":"HG Koenig","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koenig HG (2012) Religion, spirituality, and health: the research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry 2012(8):1\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5402\/2012\/278730","journal-title":"ISRN Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"9584_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1177\/009385480102800505","volume":"28","author":"N Kop","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kop N, Euwema MC (2001) Occupational stress and the use of force by Dutch police officers. Crim Justice Behav 28(5):631\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009385480102800505","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"9584_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370500297720","volume":"19","author":"T Kristensen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kristensen T, Borritz M, Villadsen E, Christensen KB (2005) The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: a new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work Stress 19(3):192\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02678370500297720","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/0032258X18761285","volume":"92","author":"EG Lambert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lambert EG, Qureshi H, Keena LD, Frank J, Hogan NL (2019) Exploring the link between work-family conflict and job burnout among Indian police officers. Police J 92(1):35\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0032258X18761285","journal-title":"Police J"},{"issue":"4","key":"9584_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/0893318913498824","volume":"27","author":"JC Lammers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lammers JC, Atouba YL, Carlson EJ (2013) Which identities matter? A mixed- method study of group, organizational, and professional identities and their relationship to burnout. Manag Commun Q 27(4):503\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0893318913498824","journal-title":"Manag Commun Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"9584_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.81.2.123","volume":"81","author":"RT Lee","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lee RT, Ashforth BE (1996) A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. J Appl Psychol 81(2):123\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.81.2.123","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"9584_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leiter MP, Maslach C (2003) Areas of worklife: a structured approach to organizational predictors of job burnout. In Perrewe PL, Ganster DC (eds) Emotional and physiological processes and positive intervention: Vol. 3. Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being (pp 91\u2013134). Emerald Group Publishing Limited","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-3555(03)03003-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"9584_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31816bae50","volume":"50","author":"D Lerner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lerner D, Henke R (2008) What does research tell us about depression, job performance, and work productivity? J Occup Med 50(4):401\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31816bae50","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"9584_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0448-5","volume-title":"Belief in a just world","author":"MJ Lerner","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lerner MJ (1980) Belief in a just world. Springer, A fundamental delusion"},{"key":"9584_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3087-5_2","volume-title":"Social exchange: advances in theory and research","author":"GS Leventhal","year":"1980","unstructured":"Leventhal GS (1980) What should be done with equity theory? In: Gergen KJ, Greenberg MS, Willis RH (eds) Social exchange: advances in theory and research. Plenum, pp 27\u201355"},{"key":"9584_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1007\/s11896-021-09468-5","volume":"36","author":"RK Losung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Losung RK, Paoli TD, Kebbell M, Bond A (2021) The role of empathy in professional quality of life: a study on Australian police officers working in sexual assault and child abuse investigation. J Police Crim Psychol 36:616\u2013626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11896-021-09468-5","journal-title":"J Police Crim Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2008.09.004","volume":"43","author":"RE Lucas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lucas RE, Schimmack U (2009) Income and well-being: how big is the gap between the rich and the poor? J Res Pers 43(1):75\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2008.09.004","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"issue":"2","key":"9584_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030130202","volume":"13","author":"FA Mael","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mael FA, Ashforth BE (1992) Alumni and their alma mater: a partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. J Organ Behav 13(2):103\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.4030130202","journal-title":"J Organ Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"9584_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22155","volume":"56","author":"N Magnavita","year":"2013","unstructured":"Magnavita N, Garbarino S (2013) Is absence related to work stress? A repeated cross-sectional study on a special police force. Am J Ind Med 56(7):765\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.22155","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9584_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2007.03.001","volume":"35","author":"M Martinussen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Martinussen M, Richardsen AM, Burke RJ (2007) Job demands, job resources, and burnout among police officers. J Crim Just 35(3):239\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2007.03.001","journal-title":"J Crim Just"},{"issue":"9","key":"9584_CR59","first-page":"16","volume":"5","author":"C Maslach","year":"1976","unstructured":"Maslach C (1976) Burned-out. Hum Behav 5(9):16\u201322","journal-title":"Hum Behav"},{"key":"9584_CR60","unstructured":"Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP (2016) Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual. 4th Edn. Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden. Available online at: https:\/\/www.mindgarden.com. Accessed 20 Sep 2022"},{"key":"9584_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.397","volume":"52","author":"C Maslach","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP (2001) Job burnout. Annu Rev Psychol 52:397\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.397","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"9584_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-022-09813-3","volume":"37","author":"RA Matthews","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matthews RA, Pineault L, Hong YH (2022) Normalizing the use of single-item measures: validation of the single-item compendium for organizational psychology. J Bus Psychol 37:639\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10869-022-09813-3","journal-title":"J Bus Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9584_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1108\/13639510710833938","volume":"30","author":"WP McCarty","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCarty WP, Zhao J, Garland BE (2007) Occupational stress and burnout between male and female officers: are there any gender differences? Policing 30(4):672\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/13639510710833938","journal-title":"Policing"},{"issue":"6","key":"9584_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2337(1997)23:6<433::AID-AB3>3.0.CO;2-H","volume":"23","author":"A Mehrabian","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mehrabian A (1997) Relations among personality scales of aggression, violence, and empathy: validational evidence bearing on the risk of eruptive violence scale. Aggressive Behav 23(6):433\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2337(1997)23:6%3c433::AID-AB3%3e3.0.CO;2-H","journal-title":"Aggressive Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"9584_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.96.3.805-816","volume":"96","author":"C Moliner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moliner C, Mart\u00ednez-Tur V, Peir\u00f3 JM, Ramos J (2005) Linking organizational justice to burnout: are men and women different? Psychol Rep 96(3):805\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.96.3.805-816","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026534","volume":"6","author":"SB Myers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Myers SB, Sweeney AC, Popick V, Wesley K, Bordfeld A, Fingerhut R (2012) Self-care practices and perceived stress levels among psychology graduate students. Train Educ Prof Psychol 6(1):55\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0026534","journal-title":"Train Educ Prof Psychol"},{"key":"9584_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pechorro P, Jesus SN, Kahn RE, Gon\u00e7alves RA, Barroso R (2018) A vers\u00e3o breve da escala de empatia b\u00e1sica numa amostra escolar de jovens portugueses: Validade, fiabilidade e invari\u00e2ncia. Rev Iberoam Diagn Eval Psicol 49(4):157\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21865\/RIDEP49.4.13","DOI":"10.21865\/RIDEP49.4.13"},{"issue":"3","key":"9584_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.02.009","volume":"39","author":"AM Pines","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pines AM, Keinan G (2005) Stress and burnout. Personality Individ Differ 39(3):625\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2005.02.009","journal-title":"Personality Individ Differ"},{"key":"9584_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","volume":"88","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee J-Y, Podsakoff NP (2003) Common method bias in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol 88:879\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9584_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12006","volume":"52","author":"T Postmes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Postmes T, Haslam SA, Jans L (2012) A single-item measure of social identification: reliability, validity, and utility. Br J Soc Psychol 52(4):597\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjso.12006","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"9584_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7609-0","volume":"19","author":"A Purba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Purba A, Demou E (2019) The relationship between organizational stressors and mental wellbeing within police officers: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 19:1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7609-0","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"9584_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Queir\u00f3s C, Kaiseler M, Silva A (2013) Burnout as predictor of aggressivity among police officers. Eur J Polic Stud 1(2):110\u2013134","DOI":"10.5553\/EJPS\/2034760X2013001002003"},{"key":"9584_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00587","author":"C Queir\u00f3s","year":"2020","unstructured":"Queir\u00f3s C, Passos F, B\u00e1rtolo A, Marques AJ, Silva CF, Pereira A (2020) Burnout and stress measurement in police officers: literature review and a study with the operational police stress questionnaire. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00587","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"9584_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rego A (2000) Justi\u00e7a organizacional: desenvolvimento e valida\u00e7\u00e3o de um instrumento de medida. Psicologia 14(2):286\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17575\/rpsicol.v14i2.515","DOI":"10.17575\/rpsicol.v14i2.515"},{"key":"9584_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosa J, Passos F, Queir\u00f3s C (2015) Um estudo explorat\u00f3rio sobre burnout e indicadores psicopatol\u00f3gicos em pol\u00edcias. Int J Work Condit 10:101\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11606\/s1518-8787.2020054000854","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2020054000854"},{"issue":"11","key":"9584_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X12455170","volume":"57","author":"CP Salas-Wright","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salas-Wright CP, Olate R, Vaughn MG (2012) Assessing empathy in Salvadoran high-risk and gang-involved adolescents and young adults: a Spanish validation of the basic empathy scale. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 57(11):1393\u20131416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624X12455170","journal-title":"Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9584_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/0032258X20946805","volume":"94","author":"A Santa Maria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santa Maria A, Wolter C, Gusy B, Kleiber D, Renneberg B (2021) Reducing work-related burnout among police officers: the impact of job rewards and health-oriented leadership. Police J 94(3):406\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0032258X20946805","journal-title":"Police J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/1098611117743957","volume":"21","author":"A Santa Maria","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santa Maria A, W\u00f6rfel F, Wolter C, Gusy B, Rotter M, Stark S, Kleiber D, Renneberg B (2018) The role of job demands and job resources in the development of emotional exhaustion, depression, and anxiety among police officers. Police Q 21(1):109\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098611117743957","journal-title":"Police Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1108\/PIJPSM-03-2016-0047","volume":"41","author":"LM Schaible","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schaible LM (2018) The impact of the police professional identity on burnout. Policing 41(1):129\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/PIJPSM-03-2016-0047","journal-title":"Policing"},{"key":"9584_CR80","volume-title":"The burnout companion to study and practice: a critical analysis","author":"WB Schaufeli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schaufeli WB, Enzmann D (1998) The burnout companion to study and practice: a critical analysis. Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia"},{"key":"9584_CR81","unstructured":"Silva C, Amaral V, Pereira A, Bem-haja P, Pereira A, Rodrigues V, Cotrim T, Silv\u00e9rio J, Nossa P (2012) Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ): Portugal e pa\u00edses africanos de l\u00edngua oficial Portuguesa. An\u00e1lise Exacta - Consultadoria, Forma\u00e7\u00e3o e Edi\u00e7\u00e3o de livros"},{"key":"9584_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00338","volume":"10","author":"J Sinval","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sinval J, Queir\u00f3s C, Pasian S, Mar\u00f4co J (2019) Transcultural adaptation of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) for Brazil and Portugal. Front Psychol 10:1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00338","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"9584_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02592.x","volume":"34","author":"EMA Smets","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smets EMA, Visser MRM, Oort FJ, Schaufeli WB, De Haes HJCJM (2004) Perceived inequity: does it explain burnout among medical specialists? J Appl Soc Psychol 34(9):1900\u20131918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02592.x","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9584_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/08959285.2015.1021045","volume":"28","author":"E Smoktunowicz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smoktunowicz E, Baka L, Cieslak R, Nichols CF, Benight CC, Luszczynska A (2015) Explaining counterproductive work behaviors among police officers. The indirect effects of job demands are mediated by job burnout and moderated by job control and social support. Hum Perform 28(4):332\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08959285.2015.1021045","journal-title":"Hum Perform"},{"key":"9584_CR85","volume-title":"Differentiation between social groups: studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations","author":"H Tajfel","year":"1978","unstructured":"Tajfel H (1978) Differentiation between social groups: studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. Academic Press"},{"key":"9584_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01478","volume":"9","author":"B Talavera-Velasco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Talavera-Velasco B, Luce\u00f1o-Moreno L, Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda J, Garc\u00eda-Albuerne Y (2018) Psychosocial risk factors, burnout and hardy personality as variables associated with mental health in police officers. Front Psychol 9:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01478","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"9584_CR87","volume-title":"Procedural justice: a psychological analysis","author":"J Thibaut","year":"1975","unstructured":"Thibaut J, Walker L (1975) Procedural justice: a psychological analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates"},{"issue":"2","key":"9584_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12799","volume":"57","author":"K Thomas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thomas K (2022) A dark lens or a dark world? Conceptualising Justice Capital. Int J Psychol 57(2):190\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijop.12799","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9584_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1037\/law0000085","volume":"22","author":"RJ Trinkner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trinkner RJ, Tyler TR (2016) Justice from within: the relations between a procedurally just organizational climate and police organizational efficiency, endorsement of democratic policing, and officer well-being. Psychol Public Policy Law 22(2):158\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/law0000085","journal-title":"Psychol Public Policy Law"},{"issue":"3","key":"9584_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2017.1342091","volume":"19","author":"LCF Tsai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsai LCF, Nolasco CAR, Vaughn MS (2018) Modeling job stress among police officers: interplay of work environment, counseling support, and family discussion with co-workers. Police Pract Res 19(3):253\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15614263.2017.1342091","journal-title":"Police Pract Res"},{"key":"9584_CR91","volume-title":"Rediscovering the social group: a self-categorization theory","author":"JC Turner","year":"1987","unstructured":"Turner JC, Hogg MA, Oakes PJ, Reicher SD, Wetherell MS (1987) Rediscovering the social group: a self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell"},{"issue":"2","key":"9584_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5893.2007.00304.x","volume":"41","author":"TR Tyler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tyler TR, Callahan PE, Frost J (2007) Armed, and dangerous (?): motivating rule adherence among agents of social control. Law Soc Rev 41(2):457\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-5893.2007.00304.x","journal-title":"Law Soc Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"9584_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324834basp0104_1","volume":"1","author":"TR Tyler","year":"1980","unstructured":"Tyler TR, Folger R (1980) Distributional and procedural aspects of satisfaction with citizen-police encounters. Basic Appl Soc Psychol 1(4):281\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15324834basp0104_1","journal-title":"Basic Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9584_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100615617791","volume":"16","author":"TR Tyler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tyler TR, Goff PA, MacCoun RJ (2015) The impact of psychological science on policing in the United States: procedural justice, legitimacy, and effective law enforcement. Psychol Sci Public Interest 16(3):75\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1529100615617791","journal-title":"Psychol Sci Public Interest"},{"issue":"1","key":"9584_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2022.2074189","volume":"36","author":"M Varela","year":"2023","unstructured":"Varela M, Correia I (2023) Empathy and burnout in veterinarians and veterinary nurses: identifying burnout protectors. Anthrozo\u00f6s 36(1):15\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08927936.2022.2074189","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s"},{"issue":"2","key":"9584_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1108\/PIJPSM-05-2017-0061","volume":"42","author":"JM Violanti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Violanti JM, Owens SL, McCanlies E, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME (2019) Law enforcement suicide: a review. Policing 42(2):141\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/PIJPSM-05-2017-0061","journal-title":"Policing"},{"key":"9584_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2017.06.003","volume":"6","author":"H Wilkinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilkinson H, Whittington R, Perry L, Eames C (2017) Examining the relationship between burnout and empathy in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. Burn Res 6:18\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.burn.2017.06.003","journal-title":"Burn Res"},{"key":"9584_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00178","volume":"2","author":"A Wisetborisut","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wisetborisut A, Angkurawaranon C, Jiraporncharoen W, Uaphanthasath R, Weisberg YJ, DeYoung CG, Hirsh JB (2011) Gender differences in personality across the ten aspects of the Big Five. Front Psychol 2:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00178","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"9584_CR99","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO) (1983) Health education in self-care: possibilities and limitations (Report No. HED\/84.1)"},{"issue":"2","key":"9584_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1037\/1072-5245.14.2.121","volume":"14","author":"D Xanthopoulou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xanthopoulou D, Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Schaufeli WB (2007) The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. Int J Stress Manag 14(2):121\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1072-5245.14.2.121","journal-title":"Int J Stress Manag"},{"key":"9584_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yun I, Hwang E, Lynch J (2015) Police stressors, job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intention among South Korean police officers. Asian Criminol 10:23\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11417-015-9203-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11417-015-9203-4"},{"key":"9584_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp12X652193","author":"F Zenasni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zenasni F, Boujut E, Woerner A, Sultan S (2012) Burnout and empathy in primary care: three hypotheses. Br J Gen Pract. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399\/bjgp12X652193","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"}],"container-title":["Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11896-023-09584-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11896-023-09584-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11896-023-09584-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T22:06:35Z","timestamp":1693346795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11896-023-09584-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11896-023-09584-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-0783","1936-6469"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-0783","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-6469","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}