{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T16:47:28Z","timestamp":1767026848638,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endocrine"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-025-04506-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T16:43:00Z","timestamp":1767026580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative sensory testing and skin biopsy for neuropathy assessment in Portuguese patients with type 1 diabetes: an exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9821-1700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Jorge Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8388-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Rute Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8247-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Lisboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1812-6117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Luz Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Sittl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3156-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide M.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8971-1663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4506_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13401","volume":"12","author":"D Ziegler","year":"2020","unstructured":"D. Ziegler, N. Papanas, O. Schnell, B.D.T. Nguyen, K.T. Nguyen, K. Kulkantrakorn, C. Deerochanawong, Current concepts in the management of diabetic polyneuropathy. J. Diabetes Investig. 12, 464\u2013475 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdi.13401","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"4506_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112010","volume":"221","author":"C Brock","year":"2025","unstructured":"C. Brock, H. Andersen, A.C. Alibegovic, S.T. Andersen, L.J. Andreasen, M.H. Charles, D.H. Christensen, A.M. Drewes, M.A. Gall, S.S. Gylfadottir, C.S. Hansen, S.K. Hecquet, T.S. Jensen, P. Karlsson, L.B. Knudsen, C.B. Lobato, H. Kufaishi, H. Maalmi, H.I. Mizrak, K.B. Nilsen, B.A. Perkins, J. R\u00f8ikjer, P. Rossing, J. Rungby, J. R\u00f8mer, A. Stouge, K. Sulek, E. S\u00f8fteland, A.A. Tahrani, A.J. Terkelsen, S. Tesfaye, A. Wegeberg, T. \u00c5kerstr\u00f6m, B. Brock, R. Pop-Busui, Barriers and new opportunities in developing effective therapies for diabetic neuropathy: international expert consensus recommendations. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 221, 112010 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112010","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"4506_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00402","volume":"10","author":"M Barbosa","year":"2019","unstructured":"M. Barbosa, A. Saavedra, S. Oliveira, L. Reis, F. Rodrigues, M. Severo, R. Sittl, C. Maier, D.M. Carvalho, Prevalence and determinants of painful and painless neuropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Front. Endocrinol. 10, 402 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2019.00402","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"4506_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000160","volume":"156","author":"RD Treede","year":"2015","unstructured":"R.D. Treede, W. Rief, A. Barke, Q. Aziz, M.I. Bennett, R. Benoliel, M. Cohen, S. Evers, N.B. Finnerup, M.B. First, M.A. Giamberardino, S. Kaasa, E. Kosek, P. Lavand\u2019homme, M. Nicholas, S. Perrot, J. Scholz, S. Schug, B.H. Smith, P. Svensson, J.W.S. Vlaeyen, S.J. Wang, A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain. 156, 1003\u20131007 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000160","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"4506_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.2147\/dmso.s370050","volume":"16","author":"FG Preston","year":"2023","unstructured":"F.G. Preston, D.R. Riley, S. Azmi, U. Alam, Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: practical guidance and challenges for clinical management. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 16, 1595\u20131612 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/dmso.s370050","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"4506_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6597","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12206597","volume":"12","author":"S Zaccaria","year":"2023","unstructured":"S. Zaccaria, Di P. Perna, L. Giurato, C. Pecchioli, P. Sperti, F. Arciprete, Del A. Grande, I. Nardone, W. Sellasie, S. Iani, C. Uccioli, Diabetic polyneuropathy and physical activity in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. J. Clin. Med. 12, 6597 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12206597","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"4506_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01516-w","volume":"47","author":"KM Kwiatkowska","year":"2025","unstructured":"K.M. Kwiatkowska, P. Garagnani, M. Bonaf\u00e9, M.G. Bacalini, L. Calzari, D. Gentilini, D. Ziegler, M.M. Gerrits, C.G. Faber, R.A. Malik, M. Marchi, E. Salvi, G. Lauria, C. Pirazzini, Painful diabetic neuropathy is associated with accelerated epigenetic aging. GeroScience. 47, 4041\u20134054 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-025-01516-w","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"4506_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1212\/cpj.0000000000000671","volume":"10","author":"M Kiyani","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. Kiyani, Z. Yang, L.T. Charalambous, S.M. Adil, H.J. Lee, S. Yang, P. Pagadala, B. Parente, S.E. Spratt, S.P. Lad, Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 10, 47\u201357 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/cpj.0000000000000671","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"4506_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1212\/cpj.0000000000000759","volume":"10","author":"AG Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"A.G. Smith, S. \u017divkovi\u0107, The hidden costs of painful diabetic neuropathy revealed. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 10, 3\u20134 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/cpj.0000000000000759","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"4506_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Sommer, R. Baron, J. Sachau, A. Papagianni, \u00d6.S. \u00d6zg\u00fcl, E. Enax-Krumova, Die EAN-NeuPSIG-leitlinie zur diagnostik bei neuropathischen schmerzen \u2013 eine kurzfassung. Schmerz (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00482-024-00806-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-024-00806-0"},{"key":"4506_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.041","volume":"123","author":"R Rolke","year":"2006","unstructured":"R. Rolke, R. Baron, C. Maier, T.R. Tolle, D.R. Treede, A. Beyer, A. Binder, N. Birbaumer, F. Birklein, I.C. Botefur, S. Braune, H. Flor, V. Huge, R. Klug, G.B. Landwehrmeyer, W. Magerl, C. Maihofner, C. Rolko, C. Schaub, A. Scherens, T. Sprenger, M. Valet, B. Wasserka, Quantitative sensory testing in the German research network on neuropathic pain (DFNS): standardized protocol and reference values. Pain. 123, 231\u2013243 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.041","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"4506_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00342","volume":"11","author":"V Fabry","year":"2020","unstructured":"V. Fabry, A. Gerdelat, B. Acket, P. Cintas, V. Rousseau, E. Uro-Coste, S.M. Evrard, A. Pavy-Le Traon, Which method for diagnosing small fiber neuropathy? Front. Neurol. 11, 342 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00342","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"4506_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnv105","volume":"17","author":"Z Uddin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Z. Uddin, J.C. MacDermid, Quantitative sensory testing in chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain Med. 17, 1694\u20131703 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnv105","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"4506_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-327742","volume":"93","author":"G Lauria","year":"2022","unstructured":"G. Lauria, C.G. Faber, D.R. Cornblath, Skin biopsy and small fibre neuropathies: facts and thoughts 30 years later. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 93, 915\u2013918 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2021-327742","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"4506_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2010.00269.x","volume":"15","author":"G Lauria","year":"2010","unstructured":"G. Lauria, S.T. Hsieh, O. Johansson, W.R. Kennedy, J.M. Leger, S.I. Mellgren, M. Nolano, I.S.J. Merkies, M. Polydefkis, A.G. Smith, C. Sommer, J. Valls-Sole, European federation of neurological societies\/Peripheral nerve society guideline on the use of skin biopsy in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy. Report of a joint task force of the European federation of neurological societies and the peripheral nerve society. J. Peripher Nerv. Syst. 15, 79\u201392 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2010.00269.x","journal-title":"J. Peripher Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"4506_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5065-y","volume":"256","author":"M Nebuchennykh","year":"2009","unstructured":"M. Nebuchennykh, S. L\u00f8seth, S. Lindal, S.I. Mellgren, The value of skin biopsy with recording of intraepidermal nerve fiber density and quantitative sensory testing in the assessment of small fiber involvement in patients with different causes of polyneuropathy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 256, 1067\u20131075 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-009-5065-y","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"4506_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.09.014","volume":"11","author":"JG Santos","year":"2010","unstructured":"J.G. Santos, J.O. Brito, de D.C. Andrade, V.M. Kaziyama, K.A. Ferreira, I. Souza, M.J. Teixeira, D. Bouhassira, A.F. Baptista, Translation to Portuguese and validation of the douleur neuropathique 4 questionnaire. J. Pain. 11, 484\u2013490 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.09.014","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"4506_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12118","volume":"14","author":"M Barbosa","year":"2014","unstructured":"M. Barbosa, M.I. Bennett, R. Verissimo, D. Carvalho, Cross-cultural psychometric assessment of the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs (LANSS) pain scale in the Portuguese population. Pain Pract. 14, 620\u2013624 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papr.12118","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"4506_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. Juster-Switlyk, A.G. Smith, Updates in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. F1000Res 5. 738 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.7898.1","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7898.1"},{"key":"4506_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12479","volume":"17","author":"M Barbosa","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. Barbosa, A. Saavedra, M. Severo, C. Maier, D. Carvalho, Validation and reliability of the Portuguese version of the Michigan neuropathy screening instrument. Pain Pract. 17, 514\u2013521 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papr.12479","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"4506_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2024.05.004","volume":"24","author":"MEC van Driel","year":"2024","unstructured":"van M.E.C. Driel, F.J.P.M. Huygen, M. Rijsdijk, Quantitative sensory testing: a practical guide and clinical applications. BJA Educ. 24, 326\u2013334 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjae.2024.05.004","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"4506_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2010.00271.x","volume":"15","author":"G Lauria","year":"2010","unstructured":"G. Lauria, M. Bakkers, C. Schmitz, R. Lombardi, P. Penza, G. Devigili, A.G. Smith, S.T. Hsieh, S.I. Mellgren, T. Umapathi, D. Ziegler, C.G. Faber, I.S.J. Merkies, Intraepidermal nerve fiber density at the distal leg: a worldwide normative reference study. J. Peripher Nerv. Syst. 15, 202\u2013207 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2010.00271.x","journal-title":"J. Peripher Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"4506_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2034","volume":"26","author":"J Raputova","year":"2022","unstructured":"J. Raputova, A. Rajdova, J. Vollert, I. Srotova, C. Rebhorn, N. \u00dc\u00e7eyler, F. Birklein, C. Sommer, E. Vlckova, J. Bednarik, Continuum of sensory profiles in diabetes mellitus patients with and without neuropathy and pain. Eur. J. Pain. 26, 2198\u20132212 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.2034","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"4506_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-015-0093-2","volume":"35","author":"M M\u00fccke","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. M\u00fccke, H. Cuhls, L. Radbruch, R. Baron, C. Maier, T. T\u00f6lle, R.D. Treede, R. Rolke, Quantitative sensory testing (QST). Engl. Version Schmerz. 35, 153\u2013160 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00482-015-0093-2","journal-title":"Engl. Version Schmerz"},{"key":"4506_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10090613","volume":"10","author":"R Chiaramonte","year":"2020","unstructured":"R. Chiaramonte, M. Romano, M. Vecchio, A systematic review of the diagnostic methods of small fiber neuropathies in rehabilitation. Diagnostics. 10, 613 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics10090613","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"4506_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13353","volume":"24","author":"IDP Oliveira","year":"2024","unstructured":"I.D.P. Oliveira, V.R.D.S. Oliveira, H. Alonso-Matielo, B.M. Eng, de D.C. Andrade, M.J. Teixeira, M.C.D. Calsaverini, F.D.Q. Ribeiro, J.D.A. Ara\u00fajo, H.T.I. Nakaya, J.P. Otoch, C.S. Dale, Phenotypical characterization of exteroceptive sensation and pain symptoms on diabetic patients. Pain Pract. 24, 724\u2013738 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papr.13353","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"4506_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001034","volume":"158","author":"J Raputova","year":"2017","unstructured":"J. Raputova, I. Srotova, E. Vlckova, C. Sommer, N. \u00dc\u00e7eyler, F. Birklein, H.L. Rittner, C. Rebhorn, B. Adamova, I. Kovalova, E.K. Nekvapilova, L. Forer, J. Belobradkova, J. Olsovsky, P. Weber, L. Dusek, J. Jarkovsky, J. Bednarik, Sensory phenotype and risk factors for painful diabetic neuropathy: a cross-sectional observational study. Pain. 158, 2340\u20132353 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001034","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"4506_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4438-5","volume":"60","author":"GJ B\u00f6nhof","year":"2017","unstructured":"G.J. B\u00f6nhof, A. Strom, S. P\u00fcttgen, B. Ringel, J. Br\u00fcggemann, K. B\u00f3dis, K. M\u00fcssig, J. Szendroedi, M. Roden, D. Ziegler, Patterns of cutaneous nerve fibre loss and regeneration in type 2 diabetes with painful and painless polyneuropathy. Diabetologia. 60, 2495\u20132503 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-017-4438-5","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"4506_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000491","volume":"157","author":"AC Themistocleous","year":"2016","unstructured":"A.C. Themistocleous, J.D. Ramirez, P.R. Shillo, J.G. Lees, D. Selvarajah, C. Orengo, S. Tesfaye, A.S.C. Rice, D.L.H. Bennett, The pain in neuropathy study (PiNS). Pain. 157, 1132\u20131145 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000491","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"4506_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.05.047","volume":"154","author":"MM Backonja","year":"2013","unstructured":"M.M. Backonja, N. Attal, R. Baron, D. Bouhassira, M. Drangholt, P.J. Dyck, R.R. Edwards, R. Freeman, R. Gracely, M.H. Haanpaa, P. Hansson, S.M. Hatem, E.K. Krumova, T.S. Jensen, C. Maier, G. Mick, A.S. Rice, R. Rolke, R.-D. Treede, J. Serra, T. Toelle, V. Tugnoli, D. Walk, M.S. Walalce, M. Ware, D. Yarnitsky, D. Ziegler, Value of quantitative sensory testing in neurological and pain disorders: NeuPSIG consensus. Pain. 154, 1807\u20131819 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2013.05.047","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"4506_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001566","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001566","volume":"8","author":"E Sierra-Silvestre","year":"2020","unstructured":"E. Sierra-Silvestre, M. Somerville, L. Bisset, M.W. Coppieters, Altered pain processing in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of pain detection thresholds and pain modulation mechanisms. BMJ Open. Diabetes Res. Care. 8, e001566 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001566","journal-title":"BMJ Open. Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"4506_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.05.002","volume":"150","author":"C Maier","year":"2010","unstructured":"C. Maier, R. Baron, T.R. T\u00f6lle, A. Binder, N. Birbaumer, F. Birklein, J. Gierthm\u00fchlen, H. Flor, C. Geber, V. Huge, E.K. Krumova, G.B. Landwehrmeyer, W. Magerl, C. Maih\u00f6fner, H. Richter, R. Rolke, A. Scherens, A. Schwarz, C. Sommer, V. Tronnier, N. \u00dc\u00e7eyler, M. Valet, G. Wasner, D.R. Treede, Quantitative sensory testing in the German research network on neuropathic pain (DFNS): somatosensory abnormalities in 1236 patients with different neuropathic pain syndromes. Pain. 150, 439\u2013450 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2010.05.002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"4506_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.0056","volume":"42","author":"IN Petropoulos","year":"2018","unstructured":"I.N. Petropoulos, G. Ponirakis, A. Khan, H. Almuhannadi, H. Gad, R.A. Malik, Diagnosing diabetic neuropathy: something old, something new. Diabetes Metab. J. 42, 255 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/dmj.2018.0056","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"4506_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14757","volume":"28","author":"M Ferdousi","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. Ferdousi, S. Azmi, A. Kalteniece, I.N. Petropoulos, G. Ponirakis, O. Asghar, U. Alam, A. Marshall, A.J.M. Boulton, N. Efron, H. Soran, M. Jeziorska, R.A. Malik, Greater small nerve fibre damage in the skin and cornea of type 1 diabetic patients with painful compared to painless diabetic neuropathy. Eur. J. Neurol. 28, 1745\u20131751 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.14757","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"4506_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11020165","volume":"11","author":"J Burgess","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. Burgess, B. Frank, A. Marshall, R.S. Khalil, G. Ponirakis, I.N. Petropoulos, D.J. Cuthbertson, R.A. Malik, U. Alam, Early detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a focus on small nerve fibres. Diagnostics. 11, 165 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11020165","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"4506_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001190","volume":"159","author":"J Vollert","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Vollert, W. Magerl, R. Baron, A. Binder, E.K. Enax-Krumova, G. Geisslinger, J. Gierthm\u00fchlen, F. Henrich, P. H\u00fcllemann, T. Klein, J. L\u00f6tsch, C. Maier, B. Oertel, S. Schuh-Hofer, T.R. T\u00f6lle, R.D. Treede, Pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropathic pain: comparison of sensory phenotypes in patients and human surrogate pain models. Pain. 159, 1090\u20131102 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001190","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"4506_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01032-x","volume":"15","author":"KM Nkonge","year":"2023","unstructured":"K.M. Nkonge, D.K. Nkonge, T.N. Nkonge, Screening for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in resource-limited settings. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 15, 55 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-023-01032-x","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"4506_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S203","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-s012","volume":"46","author":"NA ElSayed","year":"2022","unstructured":"N.A. ElSayed, G. Aleppo, V.R. Aroda, R.R. Bannuru, F.M. Brown, D. Bruemmer, B.S. Collins, C.H. Gibbons, J.M. Giurini, M.E. Hilliard, D. Isaacs, E.L. Johnson, S. Kahan, K. Khunti, J. Leon, S.K. Lyons, M.L. Perry, P. Prahalad, R.E. Pratley, J.J. Seley, R.C. Stanton, J.K. Sun, R.A. Gabbay, 12. Retinopathy, neuropathy, and foot care: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 46, S203\u2013S215 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc23-s012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4506_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol28040273","volume":"28","author":"M Sempere-Bigorra","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. Sempere-Bigorra, I. Juli\u00e1n-Rochina, O. Cauli, Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy and diabetes: a scoping review. Curr. Oncol. 28, 3124\u20133138 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol28040273","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"4506_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265372","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1265372","volume":"14","author":"J Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"J. Zhu, Z. Hu, Y. Luo, Y. Liu, W. Luo, X. Du, Z. Luo, J. Hu, S. Peng, Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment. Front. Endocrinol. 14, 1265372 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1265372","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Endocrine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04506-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04506-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04506-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T16:43:01Z","timestamp":1767026581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04506-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04506-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0100"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0100","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the local ethics committee of a Tertiary Portuguese Care Center (Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o), Porto, Portugal, on under the reference CE-189-2011 and conducted in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments. The initial approval was granted in 2011, and an amendment allowing the performance of skin biopsies was approved in 2015.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All patients were adults and were informed about the study both orally and in writing. Written consent was obtained from all patients participating in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. No individual person\u2019s data in any form (including individual images or details) are included in this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}],"article-number":"16"}}