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The review is focused on morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of rare thyroid neoplasms that can pose diagnostic problems. The tumors are organized based on growth patterns including thyroid neoplasms with predominantly papillary, follicular, solid, and spindle cell growth pattern, as well as neoplasms with distinct cytological characteristics. A special section is also dedicated to rare thyroid tumors with peculiar patterns including thyroid carcinoma with Ewing family tumor elements and intrathyroidal thymic-related neoplasms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-020-09638-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T21:02:43Z","timestamp":1594069363000},"page":"197-217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Pitfalls in Challenging Thyroid Tumors: Emphasis on Differential Diagnosis and Ancillary Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5516-8914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Cameselle-Teijeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7642-1280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Eloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1613-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Sobrinho-Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"9638_CR1","volume-title":"Rare tumors of the thyroid gland: diagnosis and WHO classification","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Eloy C, Sobrinho-Sim\u00f5es M, editors. 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