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Drawing upon Nabi\u2019s \u201cemotions-as-frames\u201d approach, we conducted a qualitative framing analysis by using a combination of deductive and inductive strategies. Two overarching empathy frames already present in the literature (<jats:italic>bright<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>dark empathy<\/jats:italic>) served as interpretive anchors for categorizing empathic responses. Additionally, sentiment analysis was used to assess responses\u2019 emotional valences. Qualitative findings yielded five main framings: (1) female-centered empathy and (2) sadistic empathy (aligning with the dark empathy frame); (3) empathic distress and (4) empathic anger (demonstrating overlaps between the bright and dark empathy frame), and (5) compassion (characteristic of the bright empathy frame). Sentiment analysis results showed a notable presence of mixed sentiments. Our findings highlight how empathy operates across a spectrum, encompassing various combinations of self-oriented and other-oriented framings with diverse emotional valences (positive, negative and mixed). These nuanced responses shape distinct paths of feeling <jats:italic>through<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>with<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>as<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> for<\/jats:italic>, or even <jats:italic>showing concern for<\/jats:italic> the fictional male victims. They further point to the significance of \u201cfeeling rules\u201d that socially distribute empathy and establish hierarchies of \u201cdeserving\u201d and \u201cnon-deserving\u201d recipients. Departing from previous research that approaches empathic reactions to rape themes within a unidimensional perspective, our findings point to the importance of addressing the interrelations between audience responses and multi-dimensional, multivalent emotional flows. We further discuss the implications of the \u201cdarker\u201d sides of empathic engagement for sexual violence prevention and efforts to challenge male rape myths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-025-10332-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T20:07:05Z","timestamp":1739822825000},"page":"1491-1512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Framing Empathy: Examining Audience Responses to Female-On-Male Sexual Violence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3343-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danai","family":"Tselenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7864-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2362-0010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"10332_CR2","unstructured":"Bloom, P. 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