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Less is known, however, about the relationship of NSSI with protective factors such as resilience and self-compassion. The aims of this study are to compare three groups of Portuguese college students (without NSSI, past NSSI, and current NSSI) regarding difficulties in emotion regulation, resilience, and self-compassion and to evaluate the predictors of NSSI considering demographics and those risk and protective factors. Three hundred and eighty-five college students were evaluated through self-report measures. Ninety participants (23.4%) reported lifetime NSSI. These participants reported higher difficulties in emotion regulation and lower resilience and self-compassion than the group without NSSI. The group with current NSSI presented the lowest levels of resilience and self-compassion. Lifetime NSSI was significantly associated with past suicide attempts. Past psychopathology and lower self-compassion were predictors of NSSI. Interventions for decrease NSSI in college students should promote adaptive emotion regulation strategies, resilience, and self-compassion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-04985-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T13:01:43Z","timestamp":1689858103000},"page":"7877-7886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Non-suicidal self-injury in Portuguese college students: relationship with emotion regulation, resilience and self-compassion"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1047-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara Cesar","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4985_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2012.667329","volume":"16","author":"NL Anderson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anderson, N. 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