{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:23:11Z","timestamp":1759335791419,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742601600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006752","name":"Universidade do Porto","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale (CL-FODS) is a 28-item multidimensional measure assessing fear of death and dying of self and others. This study evaluated the psychometric properties and dimensionality of the Portuguese version in two phases. Phase 1 (P1; December 2018\u2013February 2019) involved 312 students and used Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) to assess validity. Phase 2 (P2; January\u2013March 2024) tested construct reproducibility with 470 students. Participants completed the Portuguese CL-FODS alongside the Social Desirability Scale, Social Anxiety Scale, Loneliness Assessment, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21). An abbreviated version (AB-CLFODS) was developed by removing 12 items across subscales: fear of death of self (Items 1, 2, and 4; e.g., \"Short life\"), dying of self (Items 1, 5, and 7; e.g., \"Physical degradation that occurs\"), fear of death of others (Items 1, 2, and 3; e.g., \"Loss of a loved one\"), and dying of others (Items 1, 2, and 7; e.g., \"Having to be with someone who is dying\"). The AB-CLFODS demonstrated strong reliability, with Cronbach\u2019s Alpha and McDonald\u2019s \u03c9 values of .89 in P1 and .90 in P2. Subscale reliabilities ranged from .75 to .87 in P1 and .79 to .85 in P2. In P1, the scale correlated significantly with social desirability (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.003), stress (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.031), and social anxiety (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.017). P2 confirmed significant correlations with all external measures, including loneliness and DASS-21 scores. Construct validity was further supported in P2 by acceptable fit indices, such as normed chi-square, CFI, and RMSEA values. These findings establish the Portuguese AB-CLFODS as a reliable and valid instrument for assessing fear of death and dying, with consistent psychometric properties and construct validity across time, making it suitable for research and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-025-07663-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T06:45:59Z","timestamp":1742712359000},"page":"7024-7038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Validation of the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale with Portuguese students"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2870-8982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0112-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1201-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcio","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9825-8293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"7663_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2002.90.3.849","volume":"90","author":"A Abdel-Khalek","year":"2002","unstructured":"Abdel-Khalek, A. (2002). Convergent validity of the Collett-Lester fear of death and templer death anxiety scales in Egyptian male college students. Psychological Reports, 90, 849\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.2002.90.3.849","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"7663_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1080\/07481180490483445","volume":"28","author":"AM Abdel-Khalek","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abdel-Khalek, A. M., & Lester, D. (2004). The factorial structure of the Arabic version of the revised Collett-Lester fear of death scale. Death Studies, 28, 787\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07481180490483445","journal-title":"Death Studies"},{"key":"7663_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1983-803420233283en","volume":"31","author":"A Andrade","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andrade, A., Silva, J., & Baptista, M. (2023). Brazilian psychometrics of the Collett-Lester fear of death scale. Revista Bio\u00e9tica, 31, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1983-803420233283en","journal-title":"Revista Bio\u00e9tica"},{"key":"7663_CR4","volume-title":"EQS for windows user\u2019s guide","author":"P Bentler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bentler, P., & Wu, E. (2002). EQS for windows user\u2019s guide. Multivariate Software, Inc."},{"issue":"3","key":"7663_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medipa.2017.02.004","volume":"25","author":"JC Bermejo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bermejo, J. C., Villacieros, M., & Hassoun, H. (2018). Attitudes towards end-of life patient care and fear of death in healthcare student sample. Medicina Paliativa, 25(3), 168\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medipa.2017.02.004","journal-title":"Medicina Paliativa"},{"key":"7663_CR6","first-page":"389","volume-title":"Handbook of cross-cultural psychology","author":"RW Brislin","year":"1980","unstructured":"Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. In H. C. Triandis & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 389\u2013444). Allyn &amp; Bacon."},{"key":"7663_CR7","unstructured":"Buccella Sifontes, S., Moreira, R. B., & Fern\u00e1ndez Urrea, D. (2012). Validaci\u00f3n de la versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola de la escala de miedo a la muerte de Collett-Lester en estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad de Carabobo [Validation of the Spanish Version of the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale in Medical Students at the University of Carabobo]. Informe M\u00e9dico, 14(1), 47\u201354. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3KfRudq"},{"issue":"1","key":"7663_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/0030222817725183","volume":"80","author":"R Bu\u017egov\u00e1","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bu\u017egov\u00e1, R., & Jan\u00edkov\u00e1, E. (2019). Czech adaption of the Collett-Lester fear of death scale in a sample of nursing students. OMEGA Journal of Death and Dying, 80(1), 20\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0030222817725183","journal-title":"OMEGA Journal of Death and Dying"},{"issue":"11","key":"7663_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.3626703","volume":"6","author":"FS \u00c7akar","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00c7akar, F. S. (2020). The levels predicting the death anxiety of loneliness and meaning in life in youth. European Journal of Education Studies, 6(11), 97\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3626703","journal-title":"European Journal of Education Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"7663_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1590\/S0124-0642008000500015","volume":"10","author":"A Campo-Arias","year":"2008","unstructured":"Campo-Arias, A., & Oviedo, H. (2008). Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas de una escala: La consistencia interna [Psychometric properties of a scale: Internal consistency]. Revista de Salud P\u00fablica, 10(5), 831\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0124-0642008000500015","journal-title":"Revista de Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"7663_CR11","unstructured":"Cetintas, I., Kostak, M. A., Semerci, R., & Kocaaslan, E. N. (2021). Relationship between nursing students\u2019 death anxiety and attitudes toward dying with dignity.\u00a0International Journal of Caring Sciences, 14(2), 1089\u20131097.https:\/\/www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org\/docs\/31_cetintas_original_14_2.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"7663_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","volume":"14","author":"FF Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705510701301834","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"7663_CR13","volume-title":"Applied multiple correlation\/regression analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple correlation\/regression analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"issue":"2","key":"7663_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1969.10543496","volume":"72","author":"LJ Collett","year":"1969","unstructured":"Collett, L. J., & Lester, D. (1969). The fear of death and the fear of dying. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 72(2), 179\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223980.1969.10543496","journal-title":"The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied"},{"key":"7663_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736171","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.736171","volume":"12","author":"M Cuniah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cuniah, M., Br\u00e9chon, G., & Bailly, N. (2021). Validation of the revised Collett-Lester fear of death scale in a French population. Frontiers Psychology, 12, 736171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.736171","journal-title":"Frontiers Psychology"},{"key":"7663_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2906857","volume":"5","author":"M Dadfar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dadfar, M., & Lester, D. (2016). The reliability, validity, and factorial structure of the Collett-Lester fear of death scale in a sample of Iranian nurses. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 5, 306\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/2906857","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences"},{"key":"7663_CR17","volume-title":"Saying goodbye to someone you love","author":"N Dresser","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dresser, N., & Wasserman, F. (2010). Saying goodbye to someone you love. Demos Medical Publishing."},{"key":"7663_CR18","volume-title":"Valores e religiosidade em Portugal. Comportamentos e atitudes geracionais","author":"E Duque","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duque, E. (2022). Valores e religiosidade em Portugal. Comportamentos e atitudes geracionais. Edi\u00e7\u00f5es Afrontamento."},{"issue":"5","key":"7663_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692011000500015","volume":"19","author":"VM Espinoza","year":"2011","unstructured":"Espinoza, V. M., Sanhueza, A. O., & Barriga, O. (2011). Validation of Collett-Lester\u2019s fear of death scale in a sample of nursing students. Revista Latinoamericana Enfermagem, 19(5), 1171\u20131180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0104-11692011000500015","journal-title":"Revista Latinoamericana Enfermagem"},{"issue":"4","key":"7663_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076760","volume":"43","author":"A Fenigstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(4), 522\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0076760","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"7663_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gjersing, L., Caplehorn, J. R., Clausen, T. (2010). Cross-cultural adaptation of research instruments: Language, setting, time and statistical considerations. BMC Medical Research Methodology,\u00a010(13). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-10-13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-10-13"},{"key":"7663_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-04659-1","volume":"43","author":"G Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, G., AL-Dossary, S. A., & Sousa, C. (2023). Measurement invariance and country difference in death anxiety: Evidence from Portuguese and Arab samples. Current Psychology, 43, 4255\u20134265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-023-04659-1","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"7663_CR23","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","author":"JF Hair","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.","edition":"7"},{"key":"7663_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77607-z","volume":"14","author":"R Hanna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hanna, R., Jolanta, B., Katarzyna, B., Kornelia, K., & Mariusz, J. (2024). The impact of patient death on the risk of developing occupational burnout in midwives a preliminary cross-sectional study. Scientific Reports, 14, 25634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-77607-z","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"7663_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698546","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.698546","volume":"13","author":"Y He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He, Y., & Li, T. (2022). Death attitudes and death anxiety among medical interns after the 2020 outbreak of the novel coronavirus. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 698546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.698546","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"7663_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1069397114552781","volume":"49","author":"J He","year":"2014","unstructured":"He, J., de Vijver, F., Espinoza, A., Abubakar, A., Dimitrova, R., Adams, B., Aydini, A., Atitsogbe, K., Alonso-Arbiol, I., Bobowik, M., Fisher, R., Jordanov, V., Mastrotheodoros, S., Neto, F., Ponizovsky, Y., Reb, J., Sim, S., Sovet, L., Stefenel, D.,\u2026 Villieux, A. (2014). Socially desirable responding: Enhancement and denial in 20 countries. Cross-Cultural Research, 49, 227\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1069397114552781","journal-title":"Cross-Cultural Research"},{"key":"7663_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herdman, M., Fox-Rushby, J., Badia, X. (1998). A model of equivalence in the cultural adaptation of HRQoL instruments: The universalist approach. Quality of Life Research, 7(4), 323\u2013335. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9610216\/","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008846618880"},{"key":"7663_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2015.1087664","volume":"32","author":"MC Howard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Howard, M. C. (2016). A review of exploratory factor analysis decisions and overview of current practices: What we are doing and how can we improve? International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 32, 51\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2015.1087664","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"1","key":"7663_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"L Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"7663_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaklauskait\u0117, \u017d., & Antinien\u0117, D. (2016). Death anxiety and empathy among male and female medical students. Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 4(103). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33607\/bjshs.v4i103.67","DOI":"10.33607\/bjshs.v4i103.67"},{"key":"7663_CR31","volume-title":"Psicologia da Morte [Psychology of Death]","author":"R Kastenbaum","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kastenbaum, R., & Ainsenberg, R. (1983). Psicologia da Morte [Psychology of Death]. Livraria Pioneira Editora da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo."},{"key":"7663_CR32","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"2","key":"7663_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2190\/OM.57.2.e","volume":"57","author":"MS Kolawole","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kolawole, M. S., & Olusegun, A. K. (2008). The reliability and validity of revised Collett-Lester fear of death scale (version 3) in a Nigerian population. Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 57(2), 195\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/OM.57.2.e","journal-title":"Omega Journal of Death and Dying"},{"key":"7663_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203889657","volume-title":"On death and dyong: What the dying have to teach doctors, nurses, clergy and their own families","author":"E K\u00fcbler-Ross","year":"2008","unstructured":"K\u00fcbler-Ross, E. (2008). On death and dyong: What the dying have to teach doctors, nurses, clergy and their own families. Taylor &amp; Francis Ltd."},{"issue":"3","key":"7663_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1075.121544","volume":"19","author":"SP Kumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumar, S. P., D\u2019Souza, M., & Sisodia, V. (2013). Healthcare professionals\u2019 fear of death and dying: Implications for palliative care. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 19(3), 196\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0973-1075.121544","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"7663_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031561","volume":"19","author":"C Laranjeira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laranjeira, C., Dixe, M. A., Seme\u00e3o, I., Rijo, S., Faria, C., & Querido, A. (2022). \u201cKeeping the light on\u201d: A qualitative study on hope perceptions at the end of life in Portuguese family dyads. International Journal Environmental Research Public Health, 19(3), 1561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19031561","journal-title":"International Journal Environmental Research Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"7663_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1080\/07481180490483472","volume":"28","author":"D Lester","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lester, D. (2004). The factorial structure of the revised Collett-Lester fear of death scale. Death Studies, 28(8), 795\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07481180490483472","journal-title":"Death Studies"},{"key":"7663_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.2466\/16.PR0.117c23z0","volume":"117","author":"D Lester","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lester, D. (2015). Self-construal and the fear of death. Psychological Reports, 117, 376\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/16.PR0.117c23z0","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"7663_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/07481180390136946","volume":"27","author":"D Lester","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lester, D., & Abdel-Khalek, A. (2003). The Collett-Lester fear of death scale. Death Studies, 27, 81\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07481180390136946","journal-title":"Death Studies"},{"key":"7663_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/00302228231174602","volume":"10","author":"N Lok","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lok, N., Ayd\u0131n, Z., Uzun, G., Kayaaslan, B., & Sel\u00e7uk, T. A. (2023). Relationship of depression, hopelessness and life satisfaction with death anxiety in individuals who have had COVID-19. Omega (Westport),10, 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00302228231174602","journal-title":"Omega (Westport)"},{"key":"7663_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Depression anxiety stress scales (DASS--21, DASS--42) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t01004-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t01004-000"},{"issue":"3","key":"7663_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903008220","volume":"16","author":"HW Marsh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marsh, H. W., Muth\u00e9n, B., Asparouhov, T., L\u00fcdtke, O., Robitzsch, A., Morin, A. J. S., & Trautwein, U. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling, integrating CFA and EFA: Application to students\u00b4evaluations of university teaching. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 439\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705510903008220","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"7663_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J., Parker, P. D., & Kaur, G. (2014). Exploratory structural equation modeling: An integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Annual Review Clinical Psychology, 10, 85\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700"},{"key":"7663_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meade, A. W., Johnson, W., & Braddy, P. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance: A Monte Carlo study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 568\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.93.3.568","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.93.3.568"},{"issue":"1","key":"7663_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.29375\/01237047.3723","volume":"23","author":"EJ Mondragon-Sanchez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mondragon-Sanchez, E. J., Landeros-Olvera, E., & P\u00e9rez-Noriega, E. (2020). Validation of Collett-Lester fear of death scale in a Mexican university nursing students. MedUNAB, 23(1), 23\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29375\/01237047.3723","journal-title":"MedUNAB"},{"issue":"2","key":"7663_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2190\/13PW-QPFY-B1PB-2AQA","volume":"43","author":"DC Mooney","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mooney, D. C., & O\u2019Gorman, J. G. (2001). Construct validity of the revised Collett-Lester fear of death and dying scale. Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 43(2), 157\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/13PW-QPFY-B1PB-2AQA","journal-title":"Omega Journal of Death and Dying"},{"key":"7663_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2190\/OM.57.2.e","volume":"57","author":"K Mosaku","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mosaku, K., & Olusegun, A. (2008). The reliability and validity of revised Collett-Lester fear of death scale (version 3) in a Nigerian population. Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 57, 195\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/OM.57.2.e","journal-title":"Omega Journal of Death and Dying"},{"key":"7663_CR48","unstructured":"Muthen, B., & Asparouhov, T. (2002). Latent variable analysis with categorical outcomes: Multiple-group and growth modeling in Mplus. Mplus Web Notes, 4, 1\u201322. https:\/\/www.statmodel.com\/download\/webnotes\/CatMGLong.pdf"},{"issue":"18","key":"7663_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3308","DOI":"10.3923\/jas.2009.3308.3316","volume":"9","author":"F Naderi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Naderi, F., & Esmaili, E. (2009). Collett-Lester fear of death scale validation and gender-based comparison of death anxiety, suicide ideation and like satisfaction in university students. Journal Applied Sciences, 9(18), 3308\u20133316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/jas.2009.3308.3316","journal-title":"Journal Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"7663_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2190\/EP4R-TULM-W52G-L3EX","volume":"47","author":"RA Neimeyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Neimeyer, R. A., Moser, R. P., & Wittkowski, J. (2003). Assessing attitudes toward dying and death: Psychometric considerations. Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 47(1), 45\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/EP4R-TULM-W52G-L3EX","journal-title":"Omega Journal of Death and Dying"},{"key":"7663_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/07481180490432324","volume":"28","author":"RA Neimeyer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Neimeyer, R. A., Wittkowski, J., & Moser, R. (2004). Psychological research on death attitudes: An overview and evaluation. Death Studies, 28, 309\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07481180490432324","journal-title":"Death Studies"},{"key":"7663_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-014-0312-1","volume":"11","author":"F Neto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neto, F. (2014). Psychometric analysis of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) in older adults. European Journal of Ageing, 11, 313\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10433-014-0312-1","journal-title":"European Journal of Ageing"},{"key":"7663_CR53","unstructured":"Neto, F. (1989). L\u2019\u00e9valuation de la conscience de soi: R\u00e9plication Portugaise. In J. Retschitzky, J. Bossel-Lagos, & P. Dasen (Eds.), La recherche interculturelle (tome 1, pp. 78\u201385). L\u2019Harmattan."},{"key":"7663_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neto, F. (1992). Loneliness among Portuguese adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 20, 15\u201322. https:\/\/www.iscet.pt\/uploads\/obSolidao\/loneliness_portuguese_adolescents.pdf","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.1992.20.1.15"},{"key":"7663_CR55","volume-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"4","key":"7663_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1177\/10944281221120541","volume":"26","author":"CD Nye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nye, C. D. (2023). Reviewer resources: Confirmatory factor analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 26(4), 608\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10944281221120541","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"key":"7663_CR57","unstructured":"Pais-Ribeiro, J. L., Honrado, A., & Leal, I. (2004). Contribui\u00e7\u00e3o para o estudo da adapta\u00e7\u00e3o portuguesa das escalas de ansiedade, depress\u00e3o e stress (EADS) de 21 itens de Lovibond e Lovibond [Contribution to the Study of the Portuguese Adaptation of the Anxiety, Depression, and Stress Scales (EADS) by Lovibond and Lovibond with 21 Items]. Psicologia, Sa\u00fade & Doen\u00e7as, 5(2), 229\u2013239. https:\/\/www.redalyc.org\/pdf\/362\/36250207.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"7663_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1833384","volume":"46","author":"M Pradhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pradhan, M., Chettri, A., & Maheshwari, S. (2020). Fear of death in the shadow of COVID-19: The mediating role of perceived stress in the relationship between neuroticism and death anxiety. Death Studies, 46(5), 1106\u20131110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07481187.2020.1833384","journal-title":"Death Studies"},{"issue":"T5","key":"7663_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2021.7825","volume":"9","author":"DI Purimahua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Purimahua, D. I., Manik, M., & Manurung, E. I. (2021). Fear of death between nursing students in the academic and professional programs. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(T5), 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3889\/oamjms.2021.7825","journal-title":"Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"7663_CR60","unstructured":"Quintero, S., & Simkin, H. (2017). Validaci\u00f3n de la escala de miedo a la muerte abreviada al contexto argentino [Validation of the Abbreviated Death Anxiety Scale in the Argentine Context]. Revista de Investigaci\u00f3n em Psicologia Social, 3(1), 53\u201359. https:\/\/ri.conicet.gov.ar\/bitstream\/handle\/11336\/112360\/CONICET_Digital_Nro.59d499d1-4591-4b9f-85bf-09d9ab26295e_A.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y"},{"key":"7663_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.12.3.287","volume":"12","author":"SP Reise","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reise, S. P., Waller, N. G., & Comrey, A. L. (2000). Factor analysis and scale revision. Psychological Assessment, 12, 287\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.12.3.287","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"7663_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0022-3514.39.3.472","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.39.3.472"},{"key":"7663_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-02321-4","volume":"12","author":"I Sharabati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharabati, I., Mustafa, M. M. M., Ateeq, M., Al-jabali, H., Elsayed, A. A., Kandil, A. H., Hamouda, M. N., Alrawajfeh, N., Sharib, S. A., Abumayyla, R. A., Alkhateeb, O. R., Bishtawi, M., Rahmeh, J. A., Hetta, T., Abuzant, R., & Al-Mubaid, F. (2024). Approach to death and dying patients and its relation with death anxiety among medical interns: A multicenter cross-sectional study. BMC Psychology, 12, 794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-024-02321-4","journal-title":"BMC Psychology"},{"key":"7663_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sousa, C., Gon\u00e7alves, G., & AL-Dossary, S. A. (2025). Death anxiety and work passion: Cross-cultural analyses from Portugal and Saudi Arabia. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues. Advanced online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-024-07274-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-07274-w"},{"key":"7663_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Su, R., Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., & Tay, L. (2019). Modeling congruence in organizational research with latent moderated structural equations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(11), 1404\u20131433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/apl0000411","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000411"},{"issue":"3","key":"7663_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2015.03.014","volume":"50","author":"P Thiemann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thiemann, P., Quince, T., Benson, J., Wood, D., & Barclay, S. (2015). Medical students\u2019 death anxiety: Severity and association with psychological health and attitudes toward palliative care. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 50(3), 335\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2015.03.014","journal-title":"Journal of Pain and Symptom Management"},{"key":"7663_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/07481180601152625","volume":"31","author":"J T\u00f3mas-S\u00e1bado","year":"2007","unstructured":"T\u00f3mas-S\u00e1bado, J., Limonero, J. T., & Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2007). Spanish adaptation of the Collett-Lester fear of death scale. Death Studies, 31, 249\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07481180601152625","journal-title":"Death Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"7663_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692011000500015","volume":"19","author":"ME Venegas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Venegas, M. E., Alvarado, O. S., & Barriga, O. (2011). Valida\u00e7\u00e3o de escala de medo da morte de Collett-Lester em uma amostra de estudantes de enfermagem [Validation of the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale in a sample of nursing students]. Revista Latino Americana de Enfermagem, 19(5), 1171\u20131180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0104-11692011000500015","journal-title":"Revista Latino Americana de Enfermagem"},{"issue":"3","key":"7663_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.102.3.706-708","volume":"102","author":"Y Zeyrek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zeyrek, Y., & Lester, D. (2008). Cronbach alpha reliability and concurrent validity of the Collett-Lester fear of death scale in a Turkish sample. Psychological Reports, 102(3), 706\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.102.3.706-708","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"7663_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.053","volume":"87","author":"Y Zhai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhai, Y., & Du, X. (2020). Loss and grief amidst COVID-19: A path to adaptation and resilience. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 87, 80\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.053","journal-title":"Brain Behavior and Immunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"7663_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/00049530.2021.1917307","volume":"73","author":"M Zuccala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zuccala, M., Modini, M., & Abbott, M. J. (2021). The role of death fears and attachment processes in social anxiety: A novel hypothesis explored. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(3), 381\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00049530.2021.1917307","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"7663_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2019.1699203","volume":"46","author":"M Zuccala","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zuccala, M., Menzies, R. E., Hunt, C. J., & Abbott, M. J. (2022). A systematic review of the psychometric properties of death anxiety self-report measures. Death Studies, 46(2), 257\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07481187.2019.1699203","journal-title":"Death Studies"}],"container-title":["Current Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12144-025-07663-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12144-025-07663-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12144-025-07663-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T09:13:21Z","timestamp":1748078001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12144-025-07663-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["7663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-025-07663-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-1310","1936-4733"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1046-1310"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1936-4733"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Ref. No. 2018\/11-02b.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent before enrollment in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicting interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}]}}