{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:16:45Z","timestamp":1757618205215,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021538","name":"Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021538","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Prevalence studies are essential to provide objective indicators about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and are a source of information for public policies. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of ASD among children in the Azores Islands (Portugal).\u00a0Administrative data on the number of children with a proven diagnosis of ASD were collected from all schools. Parents completed a questionnaire about the child\u2019s sociodemographic characteristics, the diagnostic process, and clinical history.\u00a0The overall prevalence of ASD in the Azores region was 9.92 per 1000 children, approximately equivalent to 1% (0.99).\u00a0The prevalence of ASD in the Azores seems to be higher when compared with the global rate in Portugal, as well as with other regions of Europe. There appears to be a concentration of children with ASD in the region, and the results appear to support the hypothesis of a heritable predisposition to ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-025-08111-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T02:54:54Z","timestamp":1750128894000},"page":"12835-12847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in children in the Azores Islands (Portugal): sociodemographic and clinical profile"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Conde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Suzana","family":"Caldeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u00c1urea Sandra Toledo","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"8111_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48232","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.48232","volume":"15","author":"HM Alghamdi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alghamdi, H. M., Altirkistani, B. A., Baatya, R. A., Marghalani, Y. O., & Alshaikh, N. M. (2023). Bridging the gap: Parents\u2019 knowledge of childhood developmental milestones and the early identification of children with developmental delay. Cureus, 15(11), e48232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.48232","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"8111_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"3","key":"8111_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316673977","volume":"22","author":"CJ Bachmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bachmann, C. J., Gerste, B., & Hoffmann, F. (2018). Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders in germany: Time trends in administrative prevalence and diagnostic stability. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 22(3), 283\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361316673977","journal-title":"Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice"},{"key":"8111_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boshoff, K., Gibbs, D., Phillips, R. L., Wiles, L., & Porter, L. (2019). A meta-synthesis of how parents of children with autism describe their experience of advocating for their children during the process of diagnosis.\u00a0Health & Social Care in the Community, 27(4), e143\u2013e157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hsc.12691","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12691"},{"key":"8111_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744709","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.744709","volume":"12","author":"C Bougeard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bougeard, C., Picarel-Blanchot, F., Schmid, R., Campbell, R., & Buitelaar, J. (2021). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder and Co-morbidities in children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 744709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.744709","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"8111_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0328-2","volume":"37","author":"SE Bryson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bryson, S. E., Zwaigenbaum, L., Brian, J., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., Rombough, V., & McDermott, C. (2007). A prospective case series of high-risk infants who developed autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(1), 12\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0328-2","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"8111_CR7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC (2023). Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years \u2014 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/72\/ss\/pdfs\/ss7202a1-H.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"8111_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10050274","volume":"10","author":"F Chiarotti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chiarotti, F., & Venerosi, A. (2020). Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders: A review of worldwide prevalence estimates since 2014. Brain Sciences, 10(5), 274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10050274","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"8111_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0448-3","volume":"38","author":"DV Cicchetti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cicchetti, D. V., Lord, C., Koenig, K., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. R. (2008). Reliability of the ADI-R: Multiple examiners evaluate a single case. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(4), 764\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-007-0448-3","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"8111_CR10","unstructured":"Depastas, C., & Kalaitzaki, A. (2022). The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder and factors contributing to the increase in its prevalence. Archives of Hellenic Medicine, 39 (3), 308\u2013312. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mednet.gr\/archives\/2022-3\/pdf\/308.pdf"},{"key":"8111_CR11","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral da Sa\u00fade (2019). Abordagem diagn\u00f3stica e interven\u00e7\u00e3o na perturba\u00e7\u00e3o do espetro do autismo em idade pedi\u00e1trica e no adulto: Norma n\u00ba 002\/2019. Lisboa, Portugal: Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral da Sa\u00fade. Retrieved from https:\/\/normas.dgs.min-saude.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Abordagem-Diagnostica-e-Intervencao-na-Perturbacao-do-Espetro-do-Autismo-em-Idade-Pediatrica-e-no-Adulto_2019.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"8111_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021055553","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-055553","volume":"149","author":"NA Dodson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dodson, N. A., Horowitz, E. N., Ray, K. N., Leslie, L. K., Barone, L. F., Hackell, J. M., Abularrage, J. J., Almendarez, Y. M., Berhane, A. M., Cantrell, P. E., Kafer, L. M., Schafer, K. S., Warner, R., & Skatrud, A. (2022). Pediatric primary health care: The central role of pediatricians in maintaining children\u2019s health in evolving health care models. Pediatrics, 149(2), e2021055553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2021-055553","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"8111_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04322-4","volume":"50","author":"MS Durkin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Durkin, M. S., & Wolfe, B. L. (2020). Trends in autism prevalence in the U.S.: A lagging economic indicator?? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(3), 1095\u20131096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04322-4","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"8111_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31819e7203","volume":"65","author":"E Fombonne","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fombonne, E. (2009). Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatric Research, 65(6), 591\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31819e7203","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"8111_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05005-9","volume":"51","author":"E Fombonne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fombonne, E., MacFarlane, H., & Salem, A. C. (2021). Epidemiological surveys of ASD: Advances and remaining challenges. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(12), 4271\u20134290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-021-05005-9","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"8111_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2022.102045","volume":"98","author":"S Garc\u00eda-Zambrano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Zambrano, S., Orozco-Barrios, L., & Jacobs, E. (2022). Estimation of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in Colombia based on the governmental data system. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 98, 102045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2022.102045","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"8111_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000549","volume":"39","author":"J Gerdts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gerdts, J., Mancini, J., Fox, E., Rhoads, C., Ward, T., Easley, E., & Bernier, R. A. (2018). Interdisciplinary team evaluation: An effective method for the diagnostic assessment of autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 39(4), 271\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000549","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"key":"8111_CR18","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, M. L., Botelho, R., Gon\u00e7alves, J., & Ferreira, C. (2023). ADOS-2 - Escala de Observa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Diagn\u00f3stico do Autismo, 2\u00aa Edi\u00e7\u00e3o (adapta\u00e7\u00e3o da ADOS-2 - Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition de Catherine Lord, PhD, Michael Rutter, MD, et al). Lisboa: Editora Hogrefe."},{"key":"8111_CR19","unstructured":"Governo dos A\u00e7ores (2019). Estat\u00edsticas da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o 1018\/2019. Secretaria Regional da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Cultura. Retrieved from https:\/\/portal.azores.gov.pt\/documents\/2314521\/3822967\/Estat\u00edsticas+Educativas+2018+2019.pdf\/e968dc22-49d6-b902-6ce0-c9f5fca36776?t=1624377685450"},{"issue":"5","key":"8111_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2022.2025907","volume":"36","author":"RL Hudock","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hudock, R. L., & Esler, A. N. (2022). Clinical considerations when conducting diagnostic evaluations to identify autism spectrum disorder in young children. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(5), 921\u2013942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2022.2025907","journal-title":"The Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"key":"8111_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S282569","volume":"17","author":"Y Hus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hus, Y., & Segal, O. (2021). Challenges surrounding the diagnosis of autism in children. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 17, 3509\u20133529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S282569","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"key":"8111_CR22","unstructured":"Irish Department of Health (2018). Estimating Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in the Irish Population: A review of data sources and epidemiological studies Estimating Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in the Irish Population. https:\/\/assets.gov.ie\/10707\/ce1ca48714424c0ba4bb4c0ae2e510b2.pdf"},{"key":"8111_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727308","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.727308","volume":"12","author":"I Kamp-Becker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamp-Becker, I., Tauscher, J., Wolff, N., K\u00fcpper, C., Poustka, L., Roepke, S., Roessner, V., Heider, D., & Stroth, S. (2021). Is the combination of ADOS and ADI-R necessary to classify ASD? Rethinking the gold standard in diagnosing ASD. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 727308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.727308","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"8111_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2021.62.10.943","volume":"62","author":"KN Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, K. N., Yoo, S. M., Kang, S., Kim, H. J., Yun, J., & Lee, J. Y. (2021). Mortality of children with autism spectrum disorder using data from a Large-Scale Korean National cohort. Yonsei Medical Journal, 62(10), 943\u2013947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3349\/ymj.2021.62.10.943","journal-title":"Yonsei Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"8111_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000040","volume":"27","author":"BH King","year":"2014","unstructured":"King, B. H., Navot, N., Bernier, R., & Webb, S. J. (2014). Update on diagnostic classification in autism. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27(2), 105\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000040","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"8111_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2065-2","volume":"44","author":"KM Kulage","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kulage, K. M., Smaldone, A. M., & Cohn, E. G. (2014). How will DSM-5 affect autism diagnosis? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(7), 1918\u20131932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-014-2065-2","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"8111_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-03967-5","volume":"50","author":"KM Kulage","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kulage, K. M., Goldberg, J., Usseglio, J., Romero, D., Bain, J. M., & Smaldone, A. M. (2020). How has DSM-5 affected autism diagnosis?? A 5-Year Follow-Up systematic literature review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(6), 2102\u20132127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-03967-5","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"8111_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0403-3","volume":"38","author":"A Le Couteur","year":"2008","unstructured":"Le Couteur, A., Haden, G., Hammal, D., & McConachie, H. (2008). Diagnosing autism spectrum disorders in pre-school children using two standardised assessment instruments: The ADI-R and the ADOS. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(3), 362\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-007-0403-3","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"8111_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.013","volume":"56","author":"R Loomes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What is the Male-to-Female ratio in autism spectrum disorder?? A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.013","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"8111_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-021-00237-y","volume":"8","author":"A Makino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Makino, A., Hartman, L., King, G., Wong, P. Y., & Penner, M. (2021). Parent experiences of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A scoping review. Review Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 8, 267\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40489-021-00237-y","journal-title":"Review Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"8111_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9604.12296","volume":"35","author":"R McConkey","year":"2020","unstructured":"McConkey, R. (2020). The rise in the numbers of pupils identified by schools with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A comparison of the four countries in the united Kingdom. Support for Learning, 35(2), 132\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9604.12296","journal-title":"Support for Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"8111_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.01.007","volume":"51","author":"JC McPartland","year":"2012","unstructured":"McPartland, J. C., Reichow, B., & Volkmar, F. R. (2012). Sensitivity and specificity of proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(4), 368\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.01.007","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"8111_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3187-0","volume":"47","author":"CD Nevison","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nevison, C. D., & Blaxill, M. (2017). Diagnostic substitution for intellectual disability: A flawed explanation for the rise in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(9), 2733\u20132742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-017-3187-0","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"8111_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007","volume":"28","author":"CJ Newschaffer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Newschaffer, C. J., Croen, L. A., Daniels, J., Giarelli, E., Grether, J. K., Levy, S. E., Mandell, D. S., Miller, L. A., Pinto-Martin, J., Reaven, J., Reynolds, A. M., Rice, C. E., Schendel, D., & Windham, G. C. (2007). The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annual Review of Public Health, 28, 235\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"8111_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00726.x","volume":"49","author":"G Oliveira","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oliveira, G., Ata\u00edde, A., Marques, C., Miguel, T. S., Coutinho, A. M., Mota-Vieira, L., Gon\u00e7alves, E., Lopes, N. M., Rodrigues, V., Carmona da Mota, H., & Vicente, A. M. (2007). Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder in portugal: Prevalence, clinical characterization, and medical conditions. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49(10), 726\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00726.x","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"8111_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0793-2","volume":"25","author":"N Olsson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olsson, N., Coco, C., Elmund, A., Moretti, \u00c5. H., Holm, A., Jif\u00e4lt, I., Kosieradzki, R., Linder, J., Nordin, V., Olafsdottir, K., Poltrago, L., & B\u00f6lte, S. (2016). The objectivity of the autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS) in naturalistic clinical settings. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(7), 769\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-015-0793-2","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"8111_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouellette-Kuntz, H., Coo, H., Yu, C. T., Lewis, M. E., Dewey, D., Hennessey, P. E., Jackman, P. D., Breitenbach, M. M., & Holden, J. J. (2012). Status report - National Epidemiologic Database for the Study of Autism in Canada (NEDSAC). Chronic diseases and injuries in Canada, 32(2), 84\u201389. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/phac-aspc\/migration\/phac-aspc\/publicat\/hpcdp-pspmc\/32-2\/assets\/pdf\/ar-04-eng.pdf","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.32.2.04"},{"key":"8111_CR38","unstructured":"\u00d6zerk, K. (2017). The issue of the prevalence of autism\/ASD. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 9(2), 263\u2013306. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.iejee.com\/index.php\/IEJEE\/article\/view\/158"},{"issue":"4","key":"8111_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s40688-020-00302-z","volume":"24","author":"K \u00d6zerk","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00d6zerk, K., & Cardinal, D. (2020). Prevalence of autism\/asd among preschool and School-age children in Norway. Contemporary School Psychology, 24(4), 419\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40688-020-00302-z","journal-title":"Contemporary School Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"8111_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e488","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2825","volume":"128","author":"S Ozonoff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Carter, A., Messinger, D., Yirmiya, N., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Carver, L. J., Constantino, J. N., Dobkins, K., Hutman, T., Iverson, J. M., Landa, R., Rogers, S. J., Sigman, M., & Stone, W. L. (2011). Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: A baby siblings research consortium study. Pediatrics, 128(3), e488\u2013e495.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"8111_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0201-0","volume":"9","author":"M Penner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Penner, M., Anagnostou, E., & Ungar, W. J. (2018). Practice patterns and determinants of wait time for autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in Canada. Molecular Autism, 9, 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-018-0201-0","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"issue":"11","key":"8111_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2172","volume":"12","author":"L P\u00e9rez-Crespo","year":"2019","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Crespo, L., Prats-Uribe, A., Tobias, A., Duran-Tauleria, E., Coronado, R., Herv\u00e1s, A., & Guxens, M. (2019). Temporal and geographical variability of prevalence and incidence of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses in children in catalonia, Spain. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 12(11), 1693\u20131705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2172","journal-title":"Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"8111_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13368","volume":"144","author":"MB Posserud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Posserud, M. B., Solberg, S., Engeland, B., Haavik, A., J., & Klungs\u00f8yr, K. (2021). Male-to-female ratios in autism spectrum disorders by age, intellectual disability, and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 144(6), 635\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.13368","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"27","key":"8111_CR44","first-page":"47","volume":"9","author":"C Rasga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rasga, C., Santos, J. X., Caf\u00e9, C., Oliveira, A., Duque, F., Nunes, A., Oliveira, G., & Vicente, A. M. (2020). Prevalence study of autism spectrum disorder in The Regi\u00e3o Centro of portugal: The ASDEU project. Boletim Epidemiol\u00f3gio Observa\u00e7\u00f5es, 9(27), 47\u201351.","journal-title":"Boletim Epidemiol\u00f3gio Observa\u00e7\u00f5es"},{"issue":"9","key":"8111_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000227880.42780.0e","volume":"45","author":"S Risi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Risi, S., Lord, C., Gotham, K., Corsello, C., Chrysler, C., Szatmari, P., et al. (2006). Combining information from multiple sources in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(9), 1094\u20131103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.chi.0000227880.42780.0e","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"8111_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.2.194","volume":"146","author":"ER Ritvo","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ritvo, E. R., Freeman, B. J., Pingree, C., Mason-Brothers, A., Jorde, L., Jenson, W. R., McMahon, W. M., Petersen, P. B., Mo, A., & Ritvo, A. (1989). The UCLA-University of Utah epidemiologic survey of autism: Prevalence. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(2), 194\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.146.2.194","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11)","key":"8111_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.119","volume":"68","author":"EB Robinson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robinson, E. B., Koenen, K. C., McCormick, M. C., Munir, K., Hallett, V., Happ\u00e9, F., Plomin, R., & Ronald, A. (2011). Evidence that autistic traits show the same etiology in the general population and at the quantitative extremes (5%, 2.5%, and 1%). Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(11)), 1113\u20131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.119","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"8111_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361315611109","volume":"20","author":"CL Rogers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rogers, C. L., Goddard, L., Hill, E. L., Henry, L. A., & Crane, L. (2016). Experiences of diagnosing autism spectrum disorder: A survey of professionals in the united Kingdom. Autism, 20, 820\u2013831.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"8111_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-022-00309-7","volume":"10","author":"WJ Sainsbury","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sainsbury, W. J., Carrasco, K., Whitehouse, A. J. O., McNeil, L., & Waddington, H. (2023). Age of diagnosis for Co-occurring autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood and adolescence: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10, 563\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40489-022-00309-7","journal-title":"Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"8111_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salari, N., Rasoulpoor, S., Rasoulpoor, S., Shohaimi, S., Jafarpour, S., Abdoli, N., Khaledi-Paveh, B., & Mohammadi, M. (2022). The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 48(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-022-01310-w","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01310-w"},{"key":"8111_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shrestha, M., Shrestha, N., Khand, Y., & Sherpa, L. (2023). Perceived caregiver's burden among children with autism spectrum disorder in central Nepal: a cross-sectional study.\u00a0Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 85(5), 1673\u20131677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000603","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000603"},{"issue":"8","key":"8111_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2423-8","volume":"45","author":"IC Smith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smith, I. C., Reichow, B., & Volkmar, F. R. (2015). The effects of DSM-5 criteria on number of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2541\u20132552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-015-2423-8","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"10","key":"8111_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01630-7","volume":"27","author":"M Solmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solmi, M., Song, M., Yon, D. K., Lee, S. W., Fombonne, E., Kim, M. S., Park, S., Lee, M. H., Hwang, J., Keller, R., Koyanagi, A., Jacob, L., Dragioti, E., Smith, L., Correll, C. U., Fusar-Poli, P., Croatto, G., Carvalho, A. F., Oh, J. W., Lee, S., & Cortese, S. (2022). Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of autism spectrum disorder from 1990 to 2019 across 204 countries. Molecular Psychiatry, 27(10), 4172\u20134180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-022-01630-7","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"8111_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sur\u00e9n, P., Bakken, I. J., Lie, K. K., Schj\u00f8lberg, S., Aase, H., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Magnus, P., \u00d8yen, A. S., Svendsen, B. K., Aaberg, K. M., Andersen, G. L., & Stoltenberg, C. (2013). Differences across counties in the registered prevalence of autism, ADHD, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy in Norway. Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening: tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, 133(18), 1929\u20131934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4045\/tidsskr.13.0050","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.13.0050"},{"key":"8111_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071181","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1071181","volume":"14","author":"OI Talantseva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Talantseva, O. I., Romanova, R. S., Shurdova, E. M., Dolgorukova, T. A., Sologub, P. S., Titova, O. S., Kleeva, D. F., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2023). The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: A three-level meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1071181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1071181","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12 Suppl","key":"8111_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32S","DOI":"10.1016\/s0890-8567(99)80003-3","volume":"38","author":"F Volkmar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Volkmar, F., Cook, E. H. Jr, Pomeroy, J., Realmuto, G., & Tanguay, P. (1999). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. American academy of child and adolescent psychiatry working group on quality issues. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(12 Suppl), 32S\u201354S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0890-8567(99)80003-3","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"8111_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-22-113","volume":"11","author":"F Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, F., Lao, U. C., Xing, Y. P., Zhou, P., Deng, W. L., Wang, Y., Ji, Y., Chen, M. Y., Li, H., & Zou, X. B. (2022). Parents\u2019 knowledge and attitude and behavior toward autism: A survey of Chinese families having children with autism spectrum disorder. Translational Pediatrics, 11(9), 1445\u20131457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tp-22-113","journal-title":"Translational Pediatrics"},{"key":"8111_CR58","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Autism. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/autism-spectrum-disorders"},{"key":"8111_CR59","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). Autism. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/autism-spectrum-disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"8111_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0793-2","volume":"25","author":"E Zander","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zander, E., Willfors, C., Berggren, S., Choque-Olsson, N., Coco, C., Elmund, A., Moretti, \u00c5. H., Holm, A., Jif\u00e4lt, I., Kosieradzki, R., Linder, J., Nordin, V., Olafsdottir, K., Poltrago, L., & B\u00f6lte, S. (2016). The objectivity of the autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS) in naturalistic clinical settings. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(7), 769\u2013780.","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"8111_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2696","volume":"15","author":"J Zeidan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeidan, J., Fombonne, E., Scorah, J., Ibrahim, A., Durkin, M. S., Saxena, S., Yusuf, A., Shih, A., & Elsabbagh, M. (2022). Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 15(5), 778\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2696","journal-title":"Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"8111_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2013.12.004","volume":"14","author":"KE Zuckerman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zuckerman, K. E., Sinche, B., Mejia, A., Cobian, M., Becker, T., & Nicolaidis, C. (2014). Latino parents\u2019 perspectives on barriers to autism diagnosis. Academic Pediatrics, 14(3), 301\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2013.12.004","journal-title":"Academic Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"8111_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1585","volume":"9","author":"L Zwaigenbaum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S. E., Brian, J., Smith, I. M., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., Roncadin, C., Garon, N., & Vaillancourt, T. (2016). Stability of diagnostic assessment for autism spectrum disorder between 18 and 36 months in a high-risk cohort. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 9(7), 790\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.1585","journal-title":"Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research"}],"container-title":["Current Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12144-025-08111-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12144-025-08111-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12144-025-08111-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T21:09:26Z","timestamp":1757192966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12144-025-08111-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["8111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-025-08111-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-1310","1936-4733"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1046-1310"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1936-4733"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 June 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Azores (Registration UAC\/2019\/8282; Report 32\/2019). All procedures performed in the present study were under the ethical standards of the research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Before collecting data, participants were informed in writing about the scope and aim of the study, the data protection regulations, the guarantee of protection of the data collected and its exclusive access by researchers involved in the study, and their right to refuse or withdraw from participation at any time. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The corresponding author, on behalf of all authors, states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}