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The loneliness dimension analyses\u00a0how often an individual perceives being on their own as negative, unsatisfactory, and\u00a0distressful; the solitude dimension refers to the frequency with which someone\u00a0interprets their solitary moment as something positive, valuable, and pleasing. The\u00a0collected sample for this research was comprised of 724 Portuguese speakers\u2019 adults,\u00a0demonstrating adequate psychometric indicators. Exploratory and confirmatory factor\u00a0analysis showed the two dimensions, as expected. The results also indicate that the\u00a0levels of Loneliness and Solitude are not dependent on gender, academic background,\u00a0and age. In addition, the associations between the two factors of the LSS and emotion\u00a0regulation, depression, anxiety, and stress corroborate previous literature findings.\u00a0Cluster analysis allowed for further analysis, showing that stress, when controlling for\u00a0emotional regulation, seems to have a weak effect on loneliness, a fact that is under\u00a0some dispute in the current literature. This paper was able to develop and validate a\u00a0unique measure of loneliness and solitude, centered around the unique characteristics\u00a0of how individuals make use of their time spent alone. Future studies should attempt to\u00a0compare this measure with other similar scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-025-08860-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T09:42:05Z","timestamp":1771407725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and validation of the loneliness and solitude scale (LSS)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0697-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Chiodelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1525-9010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivien","family":"Iacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5537-5120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilana","family":"Andretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2347-8157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4139-6681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana Thereza Nesi","family":"de Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9817-7300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Nuno","family":"Ribeiro Viseu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2746-4318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2019-1011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u00fal Neves","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"8860_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692006000600006","volume":"14","author":"JLA Ap\u00f3stolo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ap\u00f3stolo, J. 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