{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T09:40:06Z","timestamp":1773394806724,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005765","name":"Universidade de Lisboa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioenerg. Res."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-026-10967-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:43:24Z","timestamp":1773391404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Valorization of Water Hyacinth Biomass: Comprehensive Characterization and Production and Application of Activated Carbons"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Lapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3419-6075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Gominho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"10967_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.3390\/su14073931","volume":"14","author":"CG Sierra-Carmona","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sierra-Carmona CG, Hern\u00e1ndez-Ordu\u00f1a MG, Murrieta-Galindo R (2022) Alternative uses of water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) from a sustainable perspective: A systematic literature review. Sustainability 14:3931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14073931","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10967_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lara JW, Cervantes-Ortiz F, Arambula-Villa G et al (2021) Lirio acu\u00e1tico (Eichhornia crassipes): Una revisi\u00f3n. Agron Mesoam 44201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15517\/am.v33i1.44201","DOI":"10.15517\/am.v33i1.44201"},{"key":"10967_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2006.08.004","volume":"33","author":"A Malik","year":"2007","unstructured":"Malik A (2007) Environmental challenge vis a vis opportunity: the case of water hyacinth. Environ Int 33:122\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2006.08.004","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10967_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Delgado M, Bigeriego M, Glardiola E (1992) Water hyacinth biomass production in Madrid. Biomass Bioenergy 3(1):57\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0961-9534(92)90020-Q","DOI":"10.1016\/0961-9534(92)90020-Q"},{"key":"10967_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2022.100092","volume":"7","author":"F Amalina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amalina F, Razak ASA, Krishnan S et al (2022) Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for organic contaminants removal in water \u2013 A review. J Hazard Mater Adv 7:100092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hazadv.2022.100092","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater Adv"},{"key":"10967_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2014.03.002","volume":"10","author":"E Sanmuga Priya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sanmuga Priya E, Senthamil Selvan P (2017) Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) \u2013 An efficient and economic adsorbent for textile effluent treatment \u2013 A review. Arab J Chem 10:S3548\u2013S3558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arabjc.2014.03.002","journal-title":"Arab J Chem"},{"key":"10967_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2013.787028","volume":"52","author":"A Nath","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nath A, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharjee C (2014) Bioadsorbtion of industrial dyes from aqueous solution onto water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes): equilibrium, kinetic, and sorption mechanism study. Desalin Water Treat 52:1484\u20131494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19443994.2013.787028","journal-title":"Desalin Water Treat"},{"key":"10967_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.220","volume":"181","author":"Y Gong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gong Y, Zhou X, Ma X, Chen J (2018) Sustainable removal of formaldehyde using controllable water hyacinth. J Clean Prod 181:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.220","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"10967_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.09.006","volume":"41","author":"S Rezania","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rezania S, Ponraj M, Din MFM et al (2015) The diverse applications of water hyacinth with main focus on sustainable energy and production for new era: an overview. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 41:943\u2013954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2014.09.006","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"10967_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.10.136","volume":"132","author":"J Gao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gao J, Chen L, Yan Z, Wang L (2013) Effect of ionic liquid pretreatment on the composition, structure and biogas production of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Bioresour Technol 132:361\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.10.136","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10967_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.2471","volume":"17","author":"K Amulya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amulya K, Morris S, Lens PNL (2023) Aquatic biomass as sustainable feedstock for biorefineries. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefining 17:1012\u20131029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bbb.2471","journal-title":"Biofuels Bioprod Biorefining"},{"key":"10967_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s42398-021-00185-7","volume":"4","author":"K Kumari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumari K, Swain AA, Kumar M, Bauddh K (2021) Utilization of Eichhornia crassipes biomass for production of Biochar and its feasibility in agroecosystems: a review. Environ Sustain 4:285\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42398-021-00185-7","journal-title":"Environ Sustain"},{"key":"10967_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.06.026","volume":"111","author":"S Rezania","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rezania S, Md Din MF, Kamaruddin SF et al (2016) Evaluation of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a potential Raw material source for briquette production. Energy 111:768\u2013773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2016.06.026","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10967_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.12983\/ijsres-2013-p144-151","volume":"1","author":"RM Davies","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davies RM, Davies OA, Mohammed US (2013) Combustion characteristics of traditional energy sources and water hyacinth briquettes. Int J Sci Res Environ Sci 1:144\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12983\/ijsres-2013-p144-151","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res Environ Sci"},{"key":"10967_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.124494","volume":"321","author":"J Quintana-Najera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Quintana-Najera J, Blacker AJ, Fletcher LA, Ross AB (2021) The effect of augmentation of Biochar and hydrochar in anaerobic digestion of a model substrate. Bioresour Technol 321:124494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.124494","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10967_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84729-x","volume":"15","author":"Y Kassa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kassa Y, Amare A, Nega T et al (2025) Water hyacinth conversion to Biochar for soil nutrient enhancement in improving agricultural product. Sci Rep 15:1820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-84729-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10967_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-018-0412-9","volume":"11","author":"V Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar V, Singh J, Nadeem M et al (2020) Experimental and kinetics studies for biogas production using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) and sugar mill effluent. Waste Biomass Valoriz 11:109\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12649-018-0412-9","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valoriz"},{"key":"10967_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/26395940.2024.2322491","author":"R Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu R, Zhao Z, Liu D et al (2024) Removal of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Ag(I) from aqueous solutions using Biochar derived by P-enriched water hyacinth. Environ Pollut Bioavailab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/26395940.2024.2322491","journal-title":"Environ Pollut Bioavailab"},{"key":"10967_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scenv.2024.100075","volume":"5","author":"C Chemtai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chemtai C, Ngigi AN, Kengara FO (2024) Ciprofloxacin sorption by non-activated and activated Biochar derived from millet husks and water hyacinth. Sustain Chem Environ 5:100075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scenv.2024.100075","journal-title":"Sustain Chem Environ"},{"key":"10967_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.125235","volume":"330","author":"X Ji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ji X, Liu Y, Gao Z et al (2024) Efficiency and mechanism of adsorption for Imidacloprid removal from water by Fe-Mg co-modified water hyacinth-based biochar: batch adsorption, fixed-bed adsorption, and DFT calculation. Sep Purif Technol 330:125235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.125235","journal-title":"Sep Purif Technol"},{"key":"10967_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14578","DOI":"10.3390\/su151914578","volume":"15","author":"MT Carneiro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carneiro MT, Morais A\u00cdS, de Carvalho Melo ALF et al (2023) Biochar derived from water hyacinth biomass bhemically activated for dye removal in aqueous solution. Sustainability 15:14578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su151914578","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10967_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-022-03089-0","volume":"29","author":"M Ewnetu Sahlie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ewnetu Sahlie M, Zeleke TS, Aklog Yihun F (2022) Water hyacinth: A sustainable cellulose source for cellulose nanofiber production and application as recycled paper reinforcement. J Polym Res 29:230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10965-022-03089-0","journal-title":"J Polym Res"},{"key":"10967_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8617","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-023-05374-7","volume":"30","author":"SA Smriti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smriti SA, Haque ANMA, Khadem AH et al (2023) Recent developments of the nanocellulose extraction from water hyacinth: a review. Cellulose 30:8617\u20138641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10570-023-05374-7","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"10967_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10484","volume":"8","author":"S Sulardjaka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sulardjaka S, Iskandar N, Nugroho S et al (2022) The characterization of unidirectional and woven water hyacinth fiber reinforced with epoxy resin composites. Heliyon 8:e10484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10484","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10967_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.769366","author":"A Ezzariai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ezzariai A, Hafidi M, Ben Bakrim W et al (2021) Identifying advanced biotechnologies to generate biofertilizers and biofuels from the world\u2019s worst aquatic weed. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.769366","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"10967_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39494","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-25830-y","volume":"30","author":"S Bajpai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bajpai S, Nemade PR (2023) An integrated biorefinery approach for the valorization of water hyacinth towards circular bioeconomy: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30:39494\u201339536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-023-25830-y","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"10967_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-023-03655-6","volume":"26","author":"ABD Nandiyanto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nandiyanto ABD, Ragadhita R, Hofifah SN et al (2023) Progress in the utilization of water hyacinth as effective biomass material. Environ Dev Sustain 26:24521\u201324568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10668-023-03655-6","journal-title":"Environ Dev Sustain"},{"key":"10967_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.125356","volume":"330","author":"A Rehman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rehman A, Nazir G, Heo K et al (2024) A focused review on lignocellulosic biomass-derived porous carbons for effective pharmaceuticals removal: current trends, challenges and future prospects. Sep Purif Technol 330:125356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.125356","journal-title":"Sep Purif Technol"},{"key":"10967_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.7548","volume":"99","author":"M Verma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Verma M, Singh P, Dhanorkar M (2024) Remediation of emerging pollutants using Biochar derived from aquatic biomass for sustainable waste and pollution management: a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 99:330\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jctb.7548","journal-title":"J Chem Technol Biotechnol"},{"key":"10967_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106480","volume":"179","author":"S Ullah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ullah S, Shah SSA, Altaf M et al (2024) Activated carbon derived from biomass for wastewater treatment: Synthesis, application and future challenges. J Anal Appl Pyrol 179:106480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106480","journal-title":"J Anal Appl Pyrol"},{"key":"10967_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00008a014","volume":"39","author":"J Ralph","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ralph J, Hatfield RD (1991) Pyrolysis-GC-MS characterization of forage materials. J Agric Food Chem 39:1426\u20131437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf00008a014","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10967_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rouquerol J, Llewellyn P (2007) Rouquerol F Is the bet equation applicable to microporous adsorbents? In Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis; Llewellyn, PL, Rodriquez-Reinoso F, Rouqerol J, Eds; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands pp.49\u201356. ISBN 9780444520227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2991(07)80008-5"},{"key":"10967_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2018.08.106","volume":"148","author":"M Carlini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carlini M, Castellucci S, Mennuni A (2018) Water hyacinth biomass: chemical and thermal pre-treatment for energetic utilization in anaerobic digestion process. Energy Procedia 148:431\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2018.08.106","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"10967_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.8596\/jotcsa.1033493","volume":"9","author":"H Gebrehiwot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gebrehiwot H, Dekebo A, Endale M (2022) Chemical composition, Pharmacological activities, and biofuel production of Eichhornia crassipes (Water hyacinth): A review. J Turkish Chem Soc Sect Chem 9:849\u2013866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.8596\/jotcsa.1033493","journal-title":"J Turkish Chem Soc Sect Chem"},{"key":"10967_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5154\/r.inagbi.2017.10.013","author":"X Tovar-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tovar-Jim\u00e9nez X, Favela-Torres E, Volke-Sep\u00falveda TL et al (2019) Influence of the geographical area and morphological part of the water hyacinth on its chemical composition. Ing Agr\u00edcola Y Biosist. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5154\/r.inagbi.2017.10.013","journal-title":"Ing Agr\u00edcola Y Biosist"},{"key":"10967_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.07.055","volume":"76","author":"RP Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silva RP, de Melo MMRR, Silvestre AJDD, Silva CM (2015) Polar and lipophilic extracts characterization of roots, stalks, leaves and flowers of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), and insights for its future valorization. Ind Crops Prod 76:1033\u20131038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.07.055","journal-title":"Ind Crops Prod"},{"key":"10967_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2015.09.027","volume":"107","author":"PF Martins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martins PF, de Melo MMR, Sarmento P, Silva CM (2016) Supercritical fluid extraction of sterols from Eichhornia crassipes biomass using pure and modified carbon dioxide. Enhancement of stigmasterol yield and extract concentration. J Supercrit Fluids 107:441\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.supflu.2015.09.027","journal-title":"J Supercrit Fluids"},{"key":"10967_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7353","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.10.4.7353-7360","volume":"10","author":"HA Fileto-P\u00e9rez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fileto-P\u00e9rez HA, Miriam Rutiaga-Qui\u00f1ones O, Sytsma MD et al (2015) GC\/MS analysis of some sxtractives from Eichhornia crassipes. BioResources 10:7353\u20137360","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"10967_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.842511","author":"W Ben Bakrim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ben Bakrim W, Ezzariai A, Karouach F et al (2022) Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) solms: A comprehensive review of its chemical composition, traditional use, and value-added products. Front Pharmacol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.842511","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10967_CR40","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Anal","author":"A Louren\u00e7o","year":"2019","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o A, Gominho J, Pereira H (2019) Chemical characterization of lignocellulosic materials by analytical pyrolysis. In: Kusch P (ed) Anal. Pyrolysis, IntechOpen, pp 39\u201361"},{"key":"10967_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(97)85520-2","volume":"76","author":"A Demirba\u015f","year":"1997","unstructured":"Demirba\u015f A (1997) Calculation of higher heating values of biomass fuels. Fuel 76:431\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0016-2361(97)85520-2","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10967_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.112552","volume":"207","author":"H Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang H, Liu J, Liu H et al (2020) Pyrolysis of water hyacinth biomass parts: Bioenergy, gas emissions, and by-products using TG-FTIR and Py-GC\/MS analyses. Energy Convers Manag 207:112552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.112552","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manag"},{"key":"10967_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110090","volume":"191","author":"C Chemetova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chemetova C, Ribeiro H, Fabi\u00e3o A, Gominho J (2020) Towards sustainable valorisation of acacia melanoxylon biomass: characterization of mature and juvenile plant tissues. Environ Res 191:110090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110090","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10967_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7325","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.13.4.7325-7344","volume":"13","author":"LX Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen LX, Do PTM, Nguyen CH et al (2018) Properties of biochars prepared from local biomass in the Mekong delta. Vietnam BioResources 13:7325\u20137344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15376\/biores.13.4.7325-7344","journal-title":"Vietnam BioResources"},{"key":"10967_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2010.08.015","volume":"92","author":"K Mitsuoka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mitsuoka K, Hayashi S, Amano H et al (2011) Gasification of Woody biomass Char with CO2: the catalytic effects of K and Ca species on Char gasification reactivity. Fuel Process Technol 92:26\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuproc.2010.08.015","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"10967_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137272","volume":"718","author":"LS Rocha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rocha LS, Pereira D, Sousa \u00c9 et al (2020) Recent advances on the development and application of magnetic activated carbon and Char for the removal of pharmaceutical compounds from waters: A review. Sci Total Environ 718:137272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137272","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10967_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-02541-x","volume":"14","author":"M Saied","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saied M, El, Shaban SA, Mostafa MS, Naga AOA El (2024) Efficient adsorption of acetaminophen from the aqueous phase using low-cost and renewable adsorbent derived from orange peels. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 14:2155\u20132172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-022-02541-x","journal-title":"Biomass Convers Biorefinery"},{"key":"10967_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141787","volume":"355","author":"A Melliti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Melliti A, Touihri M, Kofro\u0148ov\u00e1 J et al (2024) Sustainable removal of caffeine and acetaminophen from water using biomass waste-derived activated carbon: Synthesis, characterization, and modelling. Chemosphere 355:141787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141787","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10967_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58969","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-07562-0","volume":"28","author":"A Geczo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geczo A, Giannakoudakis DA, Triantafyllidis K et al (2021) Mechanistic insights into acetaminophen removal on cashew nut shell biomass-derived activated carbons. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:58969\u201358982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-019-07562-0","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"10967_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121973","volume":"292","author":"MJ Fernandes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernandes MJ, Moreira MM, Pa\u00edga P et al (2019) Evaluation of the adsorption potential of biochars prepared from forest and agri-food wastes for the removal of Fluoxetine. Bioresour Technol 292:121973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121973","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10967_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang L, Yang W, Chen Y, Yang L (2025) Removal of Tetracycline from water by biochar: Mechanisms, Challenges, and future perspectives. Water 17(1960). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w17131960","DOI":"10.3390\/w17131960"},{"key":"10967_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20330","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA01258A","volume":"15","author":"P Khurana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khurana P, Sran S, Kumar Das R et al (2025) High-capacity adsorption of Fluoxetine using olive-stone derived activated biochar: insights into efficiency and mechanism. RSC Adv 15:20330\u201320340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D5RA01258A","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"10967_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.127188","volume":"343","author":"R Tahmasebpour","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tahmasebpour R, Peighambardoust SJ (2024) Decontamination of Tetracycline from aqueous solution using activated carbon\/Fe3O4\/ZIF-8 nanocomposite adsorbent. Sep Purif Technol 343:127188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.127188","journal-title":"Sep Purif Technol"},{"key":"10967_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.08.023","volume":"283","author":"S \u00c1lvarez-Torrellas","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Torrellas S, Rodr\u00edguez A, Ovejero G, Garc\u00eda J (2016) Comparative adsorption performance of ibuprofen and Tetracycline from aqueous solution by carbonaceous materials. Chem Eng J 283:936\u2013947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2015.08.023","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"10967_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2023.105040","volume":"217","author":"E Ch\u00e1vez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1vez-Garc\u00eda E, Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e9ndez B, Molina-Freaner F (2023) Biochar application on mine tailings from arid zones: prospects for mine reclamation. J Arid Environ 217:105040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2023.105040","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"}],"container-title":["BioEnergy Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12155-026-10967-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12155-026-10967-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12155-026-10967-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:43:26Z","timestamp":1773391406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12155-026-10967-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12155-026-10967-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1242"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1242","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Conflict of interest: The authors declare that no competing financial interests or personal relationships could influence this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"46"}}