{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T17:30:31Z","timestamp":1772904631148,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003339","name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Archaeol Anthropol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Archaeological Rock Art Park (PAAR) of Campo Lameiro contains one of the most important concentrations of open-air late prehistoric rock art in Europe. We extended and improved the spatial and temporal resolution of the palaeoenvironmental reconstructions with colluvial soil records of pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs). We sought to identify scale effects of the impact of anthropogenic disturbance on the basis of differences between sampling locations, and between proxies of different source area within samples: local scale (soil organic matter, char, NPPs) vs. regional or extra-local scale (land pollen). The results include: (1) the identification of a pre-Neolithic deciduous oak-dominated forest opening around 6.8\u00a0ka cal BP, when charcoal and dung indicators suggested that fire was deliberately used to facilitate game habitats (local small-scale event); (2) more profound fire-induced deforestation and heathland expansion between 5.9 and 4.5\u00a0ka cal BP, with differentiation of sub-phases based on the balance between grazing and fire activities, possibly related to the management of landscape visibility around the petroglyphs at the end of this phase; (3) a period of lower erosion and fire regime intensities, eutrophication and the formation of a mosaic of leguminous shrubs and pasture (Poaceae,\n                    <jats:italic>Urtica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Plantago<\/jats:italic>\n                    , etc.) during the Late Bronze Age\/Early Iron Age (3.3\u20132.6\u00a0ka cal BP), resembling the traditional slash-and-burn practices of the region; and (4) destruction of remaining tree communities and regional expansion of heathland as a result of fire regime intensification and possibly climate deterioration during the Roman-Germanic transition (after c. 1700\u00a0cal BP), part of which coincided with evidence for chestnut silviculture. Finally, we performed a data-based visualization of the palaeolandscapes of these four important phases in the human-environment relationship. This study represents a significant advance after two decades of palaeoenvironmental reconstructions in the PAAR.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-025-02388-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T07:29:56Z","timestamp":1770362996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-proxy reconstruction and visualization of a land-use mosaic: time-space dimensions of human impact on the landscape in the archaeological rock art park of Campo Lameiro (NW Spain)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Joeri","family":"Kaal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jadranka","family":"Verdonkschot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Antonio","family":"L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Crespo-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00edn-Seijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pastor","family":"F\u00e1brega-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Curr\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Manuel","family":"Rey Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Mart\u00ednez Cortizas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Criado-Boado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2388_CR1","volume-title":"O Monte En Galicia","author":"XL Balboa L\u00f3pez","year":"1990","unstructured":"Balboa L\u00f3pez XL (1990) O Monte En Galicia. Edici\u00f3ns Xerais de Galicia, Vigo"},{"key":"2388_CR2","first-page":"7","volume":"18","author":"P Ballesteros","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ballesteros P (2003) La Arqueolog\u00eda En La gasificaci\u00f3n de Galicia 17: El Paisaje agrario. Cuad De Arqueolox\u00eda E Patrimonio (CAPA) 18:7\u201361","journal-title":"Cuad De Arqueolox\u00eda E Patrimonio (CAPA)"},{"key":"2388_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1017\/S0145553200012918","volume":"29","author":"RL Bauer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bauer RL (2005) Economic differentiation and the divided responses of Spanish Galician farmers to reforestation of the commons under Franco. Soc Sci Hist 29:175\u2013205","journal-title":"Soc Sci Hist"},{"key":"2388_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-6182(02)00144-1","volume":"105","author":"BE Berglund","year":"2003","unstructured":"Berglund BE (2003) Human impact and climate changes e synchronous events and a causal link? Quat Int 105:7\u201312","journal-title":"Quat Int"},{"key":"2388_CR5","unstructured":"Bouhier A (1979) La galice: Essai g\u00e9ographique d\u2019analyse et d\u2019interpretation d\u2019un Vieux complexe Agraire. Imprimerie Yonnaise, La Roche-sur-Yon"},{"key":"2388_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1080\/00438243.1994.9980252","volume":"25","author":"R Bradley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bradley R, Boado FC, Valcarce RF (1994) Rock art research as landscape archaeology: a pilot study in Galicia, north-west Spain. World Archaeol 25:374\u2013390","journal-title":"World Archaeol"},{"key":"2388_CR7","unstructured":"Burjachs i Casas F (1985) Aplicacio de l\u2019an lisi pollinica al jaciment arqueologic de la cova 120 (Alta Garrotxa, Catalunya). Tesis de Llicenciatura, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra"},{"key":"2388_CR8","first-page":"20","volume":"9","author":"T Carballas","year":"1967","unstructured":"Carballas T, Duchaufour P, Jacquin F (1967) \u00c9volution de La mati\u00e8re organique des rankers. Bull De l\u2019Ecole Nationale Superieure Agronomique De Nancy 9:20\u201328","journal-title":"Bull De l\u2019Ecole Nationale Superieure Agronomique De Nancy"},{"key":"2388_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-6667(95)00060-7","volume":"91","author":"C Carcaillet","year":"1996","unstructured":"Carcaillet C, Thinon M (1996) Pedoanthracological contribution to the study of the evolution of the upper treeline in the Maurienne Valley (North French Alps): methodology and preliminary data. Rev Palaeobot 91:399\u2013416","journal-title":"Rev Palaeobot"},{"key":"2388_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00385-5","volume":"49","author":"C Carcaillet","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carcaillet C, Almquist H, Asnong H, Bradshaw RHW, Carri\u00f3n JS, Gaillard M-J, Gajewski K, Haas JN, Haberle SG, Hadorn P, M\u00fcller SD, Richard PJH, Richoz I, R\u00f6sch M, S\u00e1nchez Go\u00f1i MF, von Stedingk H, Stevenson AG, Talon B, Tardy C, Tinner W, Tryterud E, Wick L, Willis KJ (2002) Holocene biomass burning and global dynamics of the carbon cycle. Chemosphere 49:845\u2013863","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2388_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683609348849","volume":"20","author":"Y Carri\u00f3n","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carri\u00f3n Y, Kaal J, L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez JA, L\u00f3pez-Merino L, Mart\u00ednez Cortizas A (2010a) Holocene vegetation changes in NW Iberia revealed by anthracological and palynological records from a colluvial soil. Holocene 20:53\u201366","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"2388_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revpalbo.2009.12.007","volume":"162","author":"JS Carri\u00f3n","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carri\u00f3n JS, Fern\u00e1ndez S, Gonz\u00e1lez-Samp\u00e9riz P, Gil-Romera G, Badal E, Carri\u00f3n-Marco Y, L\u00f3pez-Merino L, L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez JA, Fierro E, Burjachs F (2010b) Expected trends and surprises in the Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation history of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 162:458\u2013475","journal-title":"Rev Palaeobot Palynol"},{"key":"2388_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2008.11.005","volume":"28","author":"M Conedera","year":"2009","unstructured":"Conedera M, Tinner W, Neff C, Meurer M, Dickens AF, Krebs P (2009) Reconstructing past fire regimes: methods, applications, and relevance to fire management and conservation. Quat Sci Rev 28:555\u2013576","journal-title":"Quat Sci Rev"},{"key":"2388_CR14","unstructured":"Costa-Casais M, Mart\u00ednez-Cortizas A (2013) Din\u00e1mica geomorfol\u00f3gica del \u00e1rea de estudio y su relevancia en la transformaci\u00f3n del paisaje. En: Criado Boado, F., Mart\u00ednez Cortizas, A., Garc\u00eda Quintela, M.V. (Eds.), Petroglifos, paleoambiente y paisaje. Estudios interdisciplinares del arte rupestre de Campo Lameiro (Pontevedra). Traballos de Arqueolox\u00eda e Patrimonio (TAPA) 42, 65\u201380"},{"key":"2388_CR15","unstructured":"Costa-Casais, Santos-Est\u00e9vez M, Seoane-Veiga Y (2013) Definici\u00f3n de los \u00e1mbitos geogr\u00e1ficos de estudio. En: Criado Boado, F., Mart\u00ednez Cortizas, A., Garc\u00eda Quintela, M.V. (Eds.), Petroglifos, paleoambiente y paisaje. Estudios interdisciplinares del arte rupestre de Campo Lameiro (Pontevedra). Traballos de Arqueolox\u00eda e Patrimonio (TAPA) 42, 41\u201347"},{"key":"2388_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"F Criado-Boado","year":"1999","unstructured":"Criado-Boado F (1999) Del Terreno al espacio: planteamientos y perspectivas Para La arqueolog\u00eda Del Paisaje. Cadernos De Arqueolox\u00eda E Patrimonio (CAPA) 6:1\u201382","journal-title":"Cadernos De Arqueolox\u00eda E Patrimonio (CAPA)"},{"key":"2388_CR17","unstructured":"Criado-Boado F, Mart\u00ednez Cortizas A, Garc\u00eda Quintela MV (2013) Petroglifos, paleoambiente y paisaje: estudios interdisciplinares Del Arte Ruprestre de Campo Lameiro (Pontevedra). 42:418 Traballos de Arqueolox\u00eda e Patrimonio (TAPA)"},{"key":"2388_CR18","unstructured":"Ferro V\u00e1zquez C, Costa-Casais M, Pontevedra-Pombal X (2013) La morfolog\u00eda de los suelos. En: Criado Boado, F., Mart\u00ednez Cortizas, A., Garc\u00eda Quintela, M.V. (Eds.), Petroglifos, paleoambiente y paisaje. Estudios interdisciplinares del arte rupestre de Campo Lameiro (Pontevedra). Traballos de Arqueolox\u00eda e Patrimonio (TAPA) 42, 227\u2013237"},{"key":"2388_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-004-0040-0","volume":"13","author":"I Figueiral","year":"2004","unstructured":"Figueiral I, Bettencourt AM (2004) Middle\/Late Bronze Age plant communities and their exploitation in the C\u00e1vado Basin (NW Portugal) as shown by charcoal analysis: the significance and co-occurrence of Quercus (deciduous)\u2013Fabaceae. Veg Hist Archaeobot 13:219\u2013232","journal-title":"Veg Hist Archaeobot"},{"key":"2388_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-0182(00)00195-4","volume":"164","author":"I Figueiral","year":"2000","unstructured":"Figueiral I, Mosbrugger V (2000) A review of charcoal analysis as a tool for assessing quaternary and tertiary environments: achievements and limits. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 164:397\u2013407","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol"},{"key":"2388_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-003-0018-3","volume":"12","author":"RM Fyfe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fyfe RM, Brown AG, Rippon SJ (2003) Mid- to late-Holocene vegetation history of greater Exmoor, UK: estimating the spatial extent of human-induced vegetation change. Veg Hist Archaeobot 12:215\u2013232","journal-title":"Veg Hist Archaeobot"},{"key":"2388_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53643-3.00182-5","volume":"3","author":"M-J Gaillard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gaillard M-J (2013) Pollen methods and studies\/archaeological applications. Encyclopedia Quaternary Sci 3:880\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-53643-3.00182-5","journal-title":"Encyclopedia Quaternary Sci"},{"key":"2388_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Rodeja E, N\u00f3voa-Mu\u00f1oz JC, Pontevedra-Pombal X (2023) Soils of Galicia. In: N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Delgado A (ed) The Environment in Galicia: A Book of Images. Springer International Publishing, pp 109\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-33114-5_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-33114-5_8"},{"key":"2388_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-3004(87)90022-7","volume":"13","author":"EC Grimm","year":"1987","unstructured":"Grimm EC (1987) Coniss: a fortran 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares. Comput Geosci 13:13\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0098-3004(87)90022-7","journal-title":"Comput Geosci"},{"key":"2388_CR25","unstructured":"Grimm ED (2004) TGView. Illinois State Museum, Research and Collection Center, Springfield"},{"key":"2388_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171624","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171624","volume":"5","author":"J Henkner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Henkner J, Ahlrichs J, Downey S, Fuchs M, James B, Junge A, Knopf T, Scholten T, K\u00fchn P (2018) Archaeopedological analysis of colluvial deposits in favourable and unfavourable areas: reconstruction of land use dynamics in SW Germany. R Soc Open Sci 5:171624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.171624","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"2388_CR27","volume-title":"Cerdedo 153 05\u201309. 1:50.000","author":"IGME","year":"1982","unstructured":"IGME (1982) Mapa geol\u00f3gico de Espa\u00f1a. Cerdedo 153 05\u201309. 1:50.000. Ministerio de Industria y Energ\u00eda, Madrid"},{"key":"2388_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iversen J (1941) Landnam i Danmarks Stenalder: En pollenanalytisk Unders\u00f8gelse over det f\u00f8rste Landbrugs Indvirkning paa Vegetationsudviklingen. Danish text 7\u201365","DOI":"10.34194\/raekke2.v66.6855"},{"key":"2388_CR29","unstructured":"Kaal J (2011) Identification, molecular characterisation and significance of fire residues in colluvial soils from Campo Lameiro (NW Spain). Dissertation, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. https:\/\/digital.csic.es\/handle\/10261\/35227, p. 211"},{"key":"2388_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2010.10.006","volume":"20","author":"J Kaal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaal J, Carri\u00f3n Marco Y, Asouti E, Mart\u00edn Seijo M, Mart\u00ednez Cortizas A, Costa Cas\u00e1is M, Criado Boado F (2011) Long-term deforestation in NW Spain: linking the Holocene fire history to vegetation change and human activities. Quat Sci Rev 20:161\u2013175","journal-title":"Quat Sci Rev"},{"key":"2388_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.09.024","volume":"40","author":"J Kaal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaal J, Criado-Boado F, Costa-Casais M, L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez JA, L\u00f3pez-Merino L, Mighall T, Carri\u00f3n Y, Silva S\u00e1nchez N, Mart\u00ednez Cortizas A (2013) Prehistoric land use at an archaeological hot-spot (the rock art park of Campo Lameiro, NW Spain) inferred from charcoal, synanthropic pollen and non-pollen palynomorph proxies. J Archaeol Sci 40:1518\u20131527","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"2388_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2024.104848","volume":"195","author":"J Kaal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaal J, Mart\u00ednez Cortizas A, Angst G, Kallenbach C, Ferro-V\u00e1zquez C, Criado-Boado F (2024) Soil organic matter persistence in hyperhumic colluvial soils caused by palaeofires, root inputs and mineral binding. Org Geochem 195:104848","journal-title":"Org Geochem"},{"key":"2388_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-020-00773-3","volume":"29","author":"J Lechterbeck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lechterbeck J, Jensen CE (2020) Exploring the potential of palynology in archaeological contexts: proceedings of the session held at the 24th annual meeting of the European association of archaeologists in Barcelona 2018. Veg Hist Archaeobot 29:111\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00334-020-00773-3","journal-title":"Veg Hist Archaeobot"},{"key":"2388_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2006.10.030","volume":"162\u2013163","author":"M Leopold","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leopold M, V\u00f6lkel J (2007) Colluvium: definition, differentiation, and possible suitability for reconstructing holocene climate data. Quat Int 162\u2013163:133\u2013140","journal-title":"Quat Int"},{"key":"2388_CR35","first-page":"93","volume":"30","author":"L L\u00f3pez-Merino","year":"2009","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Merino L, L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez JA, S\u00e1nchez-Palencia FJ, Reher D\u00edez G-S, P\u00e9rez D\u00edaz S (2009) Casta\u00f1os, Nogales y cereales: La antropizaci\u00f3n de Los Paisajes de Asturias y L\u00e9on En \u00e9poca Romana. Cuaderna De La Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola De Ciencias Forestales 30:93\u201399","journal-title":"Cuaderna De La Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola De Ciencias Forestales"},{"key":"2388_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2011.06.004","volume":"30","author":"L L\u00f3pez-Merino","year":"2011","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Merino L, Mart\u00ednez Cortizas A, L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez JA (2011) Human-induced changes on wetlands: a study case from NW Iberia. Quat Sci Rev 30:2745\u20132754","journal-title":"Quat Sci Rev"},{"key":"2388_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2012.04.003","volume":"92\u201393","author":"L L\u00f3pez-Merino","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Merino L, Silva S\u00e1nchez N, Kaal J, L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez JA, Mart\u00ednez Cortizas A (2012) Post-disturbance vegetation dynamics during the late pleistocene and the holocene: an example from NW Iberia. Global Planet Change 92\u201393:58\u201370","journal-title":"Global Planet Change"},{"key":"2388_CR38","first-page":"445","volume":"17","author":"JA L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez","year":"1998","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez JA, van Geel B, Farbos-Texier S, Diot MF (1998) Remarques pal\u00e9o\u00e9cologiques \u00e0 propos de quelques palynomorphes non-polliniques provenant de s\u00e9diments quaternaires en France. Revue de Pal\u00e9obiologie 17:445\u201359","journal-title":"Revue de Pal\u00e9obiologie"},{"key":"2388_CR39","first-page":"5","volume":"12","author":"JA L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez","year":"2003","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez JA, L\u00f3pez Garc\u00eda P, Burjachs F (2003) Arqueopalinolog\u00eda: s\u00edntesis cr\u00edtica. Polen 12:5\u201335","journal-title":"Polen"},{"key":"2388_CR40","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez JA, L\u00f3pez Merino L, L\u00f3pez Garc\u00eda P, P\u00e9rez D\u00edaz S (2013a) Paleopaisaje vegetal: An\u00e1lisis palinol\u00f3gico de la secuencia de PRD-II. En: Criado Boado, F., Mart\u00ednez Cortizas, A., Garc\u00eda Quintela, M.V. (Eds.), Petroglifos, paleoambiente y paisaje. Estudios interdisciplinares del arte rupestre de Campo Lameiro (Pontevedra). Traballos de Arqueolox\u00eda e Patrimonio (TAPA) 42, 273\u2013279"},{"key":"2388_CR41","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez JA, L\u00f3pez Merino L, L\u00f3pez- Garcia P (2013b) Paleopalinolog\u00eda. En: Criado Boado, F., Mart\u00ednez Cortizas, A., Garc\u00eda Quintela, M.V. (Eds.), Petroglifos, paleoambiente y paisaje. Estudios interdisciplinares del arte rupestre de Campo Lameiro (Pontevedra). Traballos de Arqueolox\u00eda e Patrimonio (TAPA) 42, 55\u201358"},{"key":"2388_CR42","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn Seijo M, Rico Rey A, Teira Bri\u00f3n A, Pic\u00f3n Platas I, Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez I, Vidal A, E (2010) Gu\u00eda de arqueobot\u00e1nica. Conseller\u00eda de Cultura e Turismo, Direcci\u00f3n Xeral de Patrimonio Cultural, p 120"},{"key":"2388_CR43","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Seijo M (2013) An\u00e1lisis arqueobot\u00e1nico del yacimiento de Chan das Pozas, campa\u00f1a 2008. In: F. Criado, A. Mart\u00ednez-Cortizas & M.V. Garc\u00eda-Quintela (eds.) Petroglifos, paleoambiente y paisaje. Estudios interdisciplinares del arte rupestre de Campo Lameiro (Pontevedra). TAPA 42. Santiago de Compostela, INCIPIT-CSIC, pp. 134\u2013137"},{"key":"2388_CR44","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Seijo M (2019) Madera y sal: Estructuras y objetos de madera recuperados en las salinas romanas de Areal (Vigo, Galicia). In: Morillo A, Hermann MH, Salido J (eds) Ephemeral Archaeology. Products and perishable materials in the archaeological record of Roman times. N\u00fcnnerich-Asmus Verlag & Media, Mainz am Rhein, pp 179\u2013192"},{"key":"2388_CR45","first-page":"250","volume-title":"Atlas clim\u00e1tico de Galicia","author":"AM Mart\u00ednez Cortizas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez Cortizas AM, P\u00e9rez Alberti A (1999) Atlas clim\u00e1tico de Galicia. Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, p 250"},{"key":"2388_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3989\/tp.2000.v57.i1.268","volume":"57","author":"A Mart\u00ednez Cortizas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez Cortizas A, F\u00e1bregas Valcarce R, Franco Maside S (2000) Evoluci\u00f3n Del Paisaje y actividad humana El \u00e1rea de Monte penide (Redondela, Pontevedra): Una aproximaci\u00f3n metodol\u00f3gica. Trabajos De Prehistoria 57:173\u2013184","journal-title":"Trabajos De Prehistoria"},{"key":"2388_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2008.07.012","volume":"200","author":"A Mart\u00ednez Cortizas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez Cortizas A, Costa-Casais M, L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez JA (2009) Environmental change in NW Iberia between 7000 and 500 cal BC. Quat Int 200:77\u201389","journal-title":"Quat Int"},{"key":"2388_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2010.07.026","volume":"297","author":"E Montoya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Montoya E, Rull V, van Geel B (2010) Non-pollen palynomorphs from surface sediments along an altitudinal transect of the Venezuelan Andes. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 297:169\u2013183","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol"},{"key":"2388_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.18172\/cig.3659","volume":"45","author":"G Montserrat-Mart\u00ed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Montserrat-Mart\u00ed G, G\u00f3mez-Garc\u00eda D (2019) Variaci\u00f3n de Los dominios forestal y herb\u00e1ceo En El Paisaje vegetal de La pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica En Los \u00faltimos 20.000 a\u00f1os. Importancia Del efecto de Los grandes herb\u00edvoros sobre La vegetaci\u00f3n. Cuad Investig Geogr 45:87\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18172\/cig.3659","journal-title":"Cuad Investig Geogr"},{"key":"2388_CR50","unstructured":"Moore PD, Webb JA, Collinson ME (1991) Pollen analysis. 2nd edition, London: Blackwell Scientific Publications"},{"key":"2388_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00013366","volume":"10","author":"C Mu\u00f1oz Sobrino","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz Sobrino C, Ramil-Rego P, Rodr\u00edguez Guit\u00edan MA (2001) Vegetation in the mountains of Northwest Iberia during the last glacial\u2013interglacial transition. Veg Hist Archaeobot 10:7\u201321","journal-title":"Veg Hist Archaeobot"},{"key":"2388_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1191\/0959683603hl598rp","volume":"13","author":"J Pantal\u00e9on-Cano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pantal\u00e9on-Cano J, Yll EI, P\u00e9rez-Obiol R, Roure JM (2003) Palynological evidence for vegetational history in semi-arid areas of the Western mediterranean (Almer\u00eda, Spain). Holocene 13:109\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/0959683603hl598rp","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"2388_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2009.59.7.10","volume":"59","author":"JG Pausas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pausas JG, Keeley JE (2009) A burning story: the role of fire in the history of life. Bioscience 59:593\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/bio.2009.59.7.10","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"2388_CR54","volume":"31","author":"EV Ponomarenko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ponomarenko EV, Ershova EG, Stashenkov DA, Ponomarenko DS, Kochkina AF (2020) Tracing land use history using a combination of soil charcoal and soil pollen analysis: an example from colluvial deposits of the Middle Volga region. J Archaeol Sci Rep 31:102269","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci Rep"},{"key":"2388_CR55","unstructured":"Pontevedra-Pombal X, Costa-Casais M, V\u00e1zquez F, Kaal C, Mart\u00ednez-Cortizas J (2013) A., Caracterizaci\u00f3n de las formaciones ed\u00e1ficas y sedimentarias. En: Criado Boado, F., Mart\u00ednez Cortizas, A., Garc\u00eda Quintela, M.V. (Eds.), Petroglifos, paleoambiente y paisaje. Estudios interdisciplinares del arte rupestre de Campo Lameiro (Pontevedra). Traballos de Arqueolox\u00eda e Patrimonio (TAPA) 42, 51\u201354"},{"key":"2388_CR56","volume-title":"Pollen et spores d\u2019europe et d\u2019afrique du Nord","author":"M Reille","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reille M (1999) Pollen et spores d\u2019europe et d\u2019afrique du Nord, 2nd edn. Laboratoire de Botanique Historique et Palynologie, Marseille","edition":"2"},{"key":"2388_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11094073","volume":"11","author":"J Revelles","year":"2021","unstructured":"Revelles J (2021) The role of palynology in archaeoecological research: reconstructing human-environment interactions during Neolithic in the Western Mediterranean. Appl Sci 11:4073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11094073","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"2388_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01294635","volume":"9","author":"M R\u00f6sch","year":"2000","unstructured":"R\u00f6sch M (2000) Long-term human impact as registered in an upland pollen profile from the Southern black Forest, south-western Germany. Veg Hist Archaeobot 9:205\u2013218","journal-title":"Veg Hist Archaeobot"},{"key":"2388_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2023.107542","volume":"234","author":"C S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda C, Revelles J, Burjachs F, Euba I, Exp\u00f3sito I, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez J, Schulte L, de Pablo JF-L (2024) What burned the forest? Wildfires, climate change and human activity in the Mesolithic\u2013Neolithic transition in SE Iberian Peninsula. CATENA 234:107542","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"2388_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1417(200009)15:6<621::AID-JQS524>3.0.CO;2-L","volume":"15","author":"L Santos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Santos L, Vidal Romani JR, Jalut G (2000) History of vegetation during the Holocene in the Courel and Queixa Sierras, Galicia, northwest Iberian Peninsula. J Quat Sci 15:621\u2013632","journal-title":"J Quat Sci"},{"key":"2388_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1086\/681561","volume":"56","author":"F Scherjon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scherjon F, Bakels C, MacDonald K, Roebroeks W (2015) Burning the land: an ethnographic study of off-Site fire use by current and historically documented foragers and implications for the interpretation of past fire practices in the landscape. Curr Anthropol 56:299\u2013326","journal-title":"Curr Anthropol"},{"key":"2388_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2014.03.023","volume":"47","author":"R Tall\u00f3n-Armada","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tall\u00f3n-Armada R, Costa-Casais M, Schellekens J, Taboada Rodr\u00edguez T, Vives-Ferr\u00e1ndiz S\u00e1nchez J, Ferrer Garc\u00eda C, Schaad A, L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1ez D, Carri\u00f3n JA, Marco Y, Mart\u00ednez Cortizas A (2014) Holocene environmental change in Eastern Spain reconstructed through the multiproxy study of a pedo-sedimentary sequence from les alcusses (Valencia, Spain). J Archaeol Sci 47:22\u201338","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"2388_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.14201\/zephyrus20228985106","volume":"LXXXIX","author":"A Teira-Bri\u00f3n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teira-Bri\u00f3n A (2022a) La casa imaginaria. Hoyos de destoconado y desarraigo de \u00e1rboles en asentamientos prehist\u00f3ricos al aire libre de la Prehistoria reciente. Zephyrus LXXXIX:85\u2013106","journal-title":"Zephyrus"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-022-00878-x","volume":"31","author":"A Teira-Bri\u00f3n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teira-Bri\u00f3n A (2022b) Understanding the plant economy of the westernmost territory of the Roman state through waste: the wet site of O Areal (Vigo, Spain). Veg Hist Archaeobot 31(6):595\u2013610","journal-title":"Veg Hist Archaeobot"},{"key":"2388_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09596836241247299","author":"JP Tereso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tereso JP, Oliveira C, Costa Vaz F, Seabra L (2024) Archaeobotanical data from the Sabor Valley reveal shifting moments in landscape and agriculture in NW Iberia during the Holocene. Holocene. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09596836241247299","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"2388_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-6667(78)90040-4","volume":"25","author":"B Van Geel","year":"1978","unstructured":"Van Geel B (1978) A palaeoecological study of Holocene peat bog sections in Germany and the Netherlands, based on the analysis of pollen, spores and macro- and microscopic remains of fungi, algae, cormophytes and animals. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 25:1\u2013120","journal-title":"Rev Palaeobot Palynol"},{"key":"2388_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-6667(80)90035-4","volume":"31","author":"B Van Geel","year":"1981","unstructured":"Van Geel B, Bohncke SJP, Dee H (1981) A palaeoecological study of an upper Late Glacial and Holocene sequence from \u201cDe Borchert\u201d, The Netherlands. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 31:367\u2013448","journal-title":"Rev Palaeobot Palynol"},{"key":"2388_CR68","unstructured":"Van Mourik JM (1986) Pollen Profiles of Slope Deposits in the Galician Area (N.W. Spain). In: KNAG-Nederlandse Geografische Studies 012. \u00c1msterdam"},{"key":"2388_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2015.09.063","volume":"404","author":"FC Vaz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vaz FC, Mart\u00edn-Seijo M, Carneiro S, Tereso JP (2016) Waterlogged plant remains from the Roman healing spa of Aquae Flaviae (Chaves, Portugal): utilitarian objects, timber, fruits and seeds. Quat Int 404:86\u2013103","journal-title":"Quat Int"},{"key":"2388_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0092.1993.tb00279.x","volume":"12","author":"JL Vernet","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vernet JL, Figueiral I (1993) The highlands of aboboreira (north-west Portugal): ecological conditions from middle\/late neolithic to early bronze age. Evidence from charcoal analysis. Oxf J Archaeol 12:19\u201328","journal-title":"Oxf J Archaeol"},{"key":"2388_CR71","volume-title":"World Reference Base for Soil Resources. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps","author":"WRB IUSS Working Group","year":"2022","unstructured":"WRB IUSS Working Group (2022) World Reference Base for Soil Resources. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps, 4th edition. International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS), Vienna, Austria","edition":"4th edition"},{"key":"2388_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revpalbo.2007.03.001","volume":"146","author":"D Yeloff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yeloff D, Charman D, van Geel B, Mauquoy D (2007) Reconstruction of hydrology, vegetation and past climate change in bogs using fungal microfossils. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 146:102\u2013145","journal-title":"Rev Palaeobot Palynol"}],"container-title":["Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12520-025-02388-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12520-025-02388-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12520-025-02388-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T01:02:26Z","timestamp":1772845346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12520-025-02388-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12520-025-02388-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-9557","1866-9565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-9557","type":"print"},{"value":"1866-9565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"42"}}