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Biodivers."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since the late 1980s, various experiments have been conducted in polymetallic nodule fields of the Pacific Ocean to assess the potential environmental impacts of future mining, specifically in two areas: the Peru Basin and the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ). Two expeditions, SO242\/2 in 2015 (Peru Basin) and SO268\/1\u2009+\u20092 in 2019 (CCZ), deployed a towed camera system to collect imagery from both areas. These expeditions aimed to assess recovery of fauna in the short (few weeks) and long term (several years) following physical seafloor disturbance actions designed to mimic potential mining, by ploughs, dredges and epibenthic sleds. Within the collected image data, several strikingly hexagonal hole patterns were observed and identified as <jats:italic>Paleodictyon nodosum<\/jats:italic>, and an irregular form of <jats:italic>Paleodictyon<\/jats:italic> traces, both on undisturbed and disturbed areas of seafloor. Recent forms occur abundantly in various deep-sea regions, but their origin, and how they represent the mode of life of the forming organism, remains unknown. In this study, the imaged occurrences of <jats:italic>Paleodictyon<\/jats:italic> traces on disturbed seafloor sheds light on the lifecycle of the forming organism, demonstrating that they can recolonize disturbed habitat and produce the trace network in a few weeks. Nevertheless, the density of these patterns on disturbed substrates was lower than observed on undisturbed substrates in both nodule regions. We therefore hypothesize that, along with other benthic deep-sea fauna, these structures and the forming organism are impacted by physical seafloor disturbance, and even 26\u00a0years after disturbance, densities on disturbed sediments have not recovered to undisturbed levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12526-021-01237-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T22:02:32Z","timestamp":1638828152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Recovery of Paleodictyon patterns after simulated mining activity on Pacific nodule fields"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7322-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian","family":"Boehringer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8714-4696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia P.","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1686-8045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann","family":"Marcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2117-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antje","family":"Boetius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4042-8215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daphne","family":"Cuvelier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5427-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Autun","family":"Purser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1237_CR1","first-page":"975","volume":"56","author":"FM Auburn","year":"1970","unstructured":"Auburn FM (1970) Deep Sea Mining. 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This non-invasive work in the high seas does not require biological sampling permits.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Sampling and field studies"}},{"value":"The datasets analyzed during the current study are available on the PANGAEA permanent repository (SO242\/2 ; SO268\/1\u2009+\u20092 ) and are described in the cruise reports for SO242\/1 and SO242\/2 (), and for SO268\/1\u2009+\u20092 ().","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"LB and AP conceived and designed the research. AP, YM and AB collected the image data. AB led the research expedition and designed the image sampling campaign. LB, AP, SPR and DC analyzed the images, compiled data and did the analyses. LB wrote the manuscript with input from all co-authors.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contribution"}}],"article-number":"97"}}