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In the brain, probiotics reduce depressive symptoms (decreases in HAMA, GAD-7, and BDI-II scales), improving patients\u2019 sleep quality and fatigue, enhancing cognitive subscales while slowing brain atrophy, and reducing IL-6 levels in the central areas, also modulating REM delta power to reduce high-frequency brain waves. Probiotics can also reduce cardiovascular risk factors, such as inflammation. Probiotics can also benefit the heart by decreasing TMAO, LDL-c, TG, CRP, MDA, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and urea levels, improving dyslipidemia and toxin profiles. Probiotics also increase HDL-c, ApoE, and insulin sensitivity, decreasing BMI, body fat, and the risk of developing chronic hyperglycemia while increasing lean mass. Besides, probiotic supplementation helped reduce toxic uremic toxins (serum urea) and sodium levels, bringing benefits to the kidneys, and improve energy\/amino acid metabolism. Probiotics can also modulate and enhance kidney function due to decreased pro-inflammatory TGF\u03b2-1 and TNF-\u03b1 levels and RUNX2. Furthermore, enhanced gastrointestinal motility and diversity have been reported using specific bacteria. Although probiotics can bring several health benefits, there are still challenges regarding these supplements, such as dose, frequency, and pharmaceutical formula. Therefore, new studies are welcome to deepen the understanding of these microorganisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10680-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T09:45:50Z","timestamp":1757151950000},"page":"3388-3412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bridging the Gut Microbiota and the Brain, Kidney, and Cardiovascular Health: The Role of Probiotics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Milena Rosa","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Direito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elen Landgraf","family":"Guiguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitor Cavallari Strozze","family":"Catharin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tereza Lais Menegucci","family":"Zutin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio Jos\u00e9","family":"Rubira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virg\u00ednia Maria Cavallari Strozze","family":"Catharin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1tia Portero","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance Alan","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luiz Yanaguizawa","family":"Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Fornari","family":"Laurindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra Maria","family":"Barbalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"de Alvares Goulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"10680_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2023.03.006","volume":"51","author":"Y Fei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fei Y, Wang R, Lu J, Peng S, Yang S, Wang Y et al (2023) Probiotic intervention benefits multiple neural behaviors in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. 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