{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:15:42Z","timestamp":1777702542033,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00073\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00073\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018886","name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018886","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico da Guarda"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Earth Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lithium mining driven by the growing demand for lithium-ion batteries, has environmental consequences linked to soil and water pollution. Nevertheless, research on the environmental impacts of lithium extraction still needs to be improved, highlighting the imperative for additional research. The article addresses the potential impact of the C57 lithiniferous feldspar mine on water quality, specifically focusing on surface, groundwater and spring water samples collected at the mining site and surrounding area in Gon\u00e7alo (Guarda, Portugal). The objective is to evaluate the environmental consequences of mining activities, with particular emphasis on mineral leaching. This study aims to evaluate the water quality around the C57 mine and the potential environmental impacts of mining operations. Water samples were collected from different sources, such as surface, underground, and spring waters, and chemical analyses were carried out to determine concentrations of different parameters, which were later compared with national and international reference guidelines. In addition to analysing the water samples, weathering tests were carried out using the Soxhlet extractor method to simulate the leaching of minerals over a shorter period (about 125\u00a0days). The concentrations of the analysed elements by atomic absorption spectroscopy (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the weathering solutions were generally low and decreased throughout the testing period, with significant concentrations of aluminium and chromium exceed Canadian environmental quality guidelines for surface waters. The detected lithium concentrations are quite different, ranging from 8.7 to 19.8\u00a0\u03bcg\/L in surface waters, from 6.9 to 74.1\u00a0\u03bcg\/L in groundwater, and from 25.6 to 35.4\u00a0\u03bcg\/L in spring waters, but are all below the US EPA (2021) recommendations threshold of 0.7\u00a0mg\/L. Based on the findings, the article concludes that there is currently no clear evidence to indicate the environmental impact of mining activities on water quality in the analysed samples. However, weathering tests suggest potential long-term implications regarding the leaching of specific chemical elements, particularly aluminium and chromium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-024-11525-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T06:01:41Z","timestamp":1711778501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Laboratory weathering studies to evaluate the water quality impact of a lithium mining in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9802-2037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria M. C.","family":"Ant\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7790-3473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M. S. M.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3346-9860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1689-331X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"11525_CR1","unstructured":"Ant\u00e3o A (2004) Comportamento geot\u00e9cnico do granito da Guarda relacionado com a sua altera\u00e7\u00e3o. (Geotechnical behavior of Guarda granite related to its alteration). Ph.D. Thesis, Coimbra University, Portugal."},{"key":"11525_CR2","unstructured":"American Public Health Association (1988) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20\u00b0 Ed. Washington. ISBN-13: 978\u20130875532356"},{"key":"11525_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ASTM International (2017) ASTM D2487\u201317. Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). West Conshohocken, PA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/D2487-11","DOI":"10.1520\/D2487-11"},{"key":"11525_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1977)5<369:MOFWSO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"5","author":"RA Berner","year":"1977","unstructured":"Berner RA, Holdren GR (1977) Mechanism of feldspar weathering: Some observational evidence. Geol 5:369\u2013372","journal-title":"Geol"},{"key":"11525_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(02)00966-3","volume":"66","author":"J Cama","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cama J, Metz V, Ganor J (2002) The effect of pH and temperature on kaolinite dissolution rate under acidic conditions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66:3913\u20133926","journal-title":"Geochim Cosmochim Acta"},{"key":"11525_CR6","unstructured":"Carvalho JMF, Farinha JAL (2004) Lithium potentialities in northern Portugal. In: 17th Industrial Minerals International Congress, Barcelona (Spain), pp 1\u201310."},{"key":"11525_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(99)00102-7","volume":"55","author":"M Chigira","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chigira M, Oyama T (2000) Mechanism and effect of chemical weathering of sedimentary rocks. Eng Geol 55:3\u201314","journal-title":"Eng Geol"},{"key":"11525_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2009.12.019","volume":"18","author":"I Costa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Costa I, Massard G, Agarwal A (2010) Waste management policies for industrial symbiosis development: case studies in European countries. J Clean Prod 18:815\u2013822","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"11525_CR9","first-page":"23","volume":"2017","author":"A Dolgopolova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dolgopolova A, Seltmann R, Stanley C, Armstrong R, Noronha F, Ramos V, Guedes A, Simons B, Rollinson G, Andersen J, Reimer W (2017) Mineralogical study of the Gon\u00e7alo Li-pegmatite deposit, Portugal. Norsk Geologisk Forening n\u00ba2. PEG 2017:23\u201326","journal-title":"PEG"},{"key":"11525_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2022.102912","volume":"95","author":"A Dunlap","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dunlap A, Riquito M (2023) Social warfare for lithium extraction? Open-pit lithium mining, counterinsurgency tactics and enforcing green extractivism in northern Portugal. Energy Res Soc Sci 95:102912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2022.102912","journal-title":"Energy Res Soc Sci"},{"key":"11525_CR11","unstructured":"EU (2020) European Commission, Critical materials for strategic technologies and sectors in the EU - a foresight study, 2020"},{"key":"11525_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"EU European Commission, Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (2021) 3rd Raw Materials Scoreboard: European innovation partnership on raw materials, Publications Office, 2021, \/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2873\/567799","DOI":"10.2873\/567799"},{"key":"11525_CR13","unstructured":"Farinha Ramos J (1998) Mineraliza\u00e7\u00f5es de metais raros de Seixo Amarelo - Gon\u00e7alo. Contribui\u00e7\u00f5es para o seu conhecimento. PhD Dissertation, Universidade de Lisboa."},{"key":"11525_CR14","unstructured":"Farinha Ramos J (2007) Locality N\u00ba5, Seixo-Amarelo \u2013 Gon\u00e7alo. Rare element aplite-pegmatite field. In: Lima A, Roda-Robles E (eds), Granitic Pegmatites: the state of the art. Field Trip Guidebook, FCUP, Porto."},{"key":"11525_CR15","unstructured":"Farinha Ramos J (2010) Aplitopegmatitos com mineraliza\u00e7\u00f5es de metais raros de Seixo Amarelo - Gon\u00e7alo: o recurso geol\u00f3gico. In: Cotelo Neiva JM, Ribeiro A, Victor L, Noronha F, Ramalho M (eds), Ci\u00eancias Geol\u00f3gicas: Ensino, Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e sua hist\u00f3ria, Vol II, Cap I, pp 121\u2013130"},{"key":"11525_CR16","first-page":"599","volume":"4","author":"J Farinha Ramos","year":"1995","unstructured":"Farinha Ramos J, Noronha F (1995) Condi\u00e7\u00f5es de deposi\u00e7\u00e3o da fase litin\u00edfera principal no campo filoniano aplitopegmat\u00edtico de Seixo Amarelo- Gon\u00e7alo. Mem Mus Labor Miner Geol 4:599\u2013604","journal-title":"Mem Mus Labor Miner Geol"},{"key":"11525_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7061(94)00062-F","volume":"67","author":"SE Fendorf","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fendorf SE (1995) Surface reactions of chromium in soils and waters. Geoderma 67:55\u201371","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"11525_CR18","unstructured":"Freitas M, Carolino A, Guedes A, Noronha F (2015) P\u2013T conditions of subsolidus modifications on rare metal enriched pegmatites. An example from Central Portugal. In: Proceedings of SGA, mineral resources in a sustainable world 2, pp 457\u2013460, Nancy"},{"key":"11525_CR300","unstructured":"Instituto da \u00c1gua I.P. (2009) Crit\u00e9rios para a Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o do estado das massas de \u00e1guas superficiais - Rios e Albufeiras. https:\/\/www.apambiente.pt\/dqa\/assets\/crit%C3%A9rios-classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-rios-ealbufeiras.pdf"},{"key":"11525_CR19","unstructured":"LNEC Specification E-195 (1966) Solos. Prepara\u00e7\u00e3o por via seca de amostras para ensaios de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o. Lisboa. Portugal"},{"key":"11525_CR20","volume-title":"Solos. An\u00e1lise granulom\u00e9trica por peneira\u00e7\u00e3o h\u00famida","author":"LNEC Specification E-239","year":"1970","unstructured":"LNEC Specification E-239 (1970) Solos. An\u00e1lise granulom\u00e9trica por peneira\u00e7\u00e3o h\u00famida. Lisboa, Portugal"},{"key":"11525_CR500","unstructured":"Neves O, Machete I, Marques JM, da Silva JAL, Sim\u00f5es do Couto F (2015) L\u00edtio em \u00e1guas engarrafadas e de abastecimento p\u00fablico portuguesas. Com Geol 102:103\u2013106"},{"key":"11525_CR21","unstructured":"Nickless EFP, Clayton A (1973) The sand and gravel resources of the country around Hethersett, Norfolk: description of the 1:25 000 resource sheet TG10 (Assessment of British Sand and Gravel Resources n\u00ba5). CF73\/04"},{"key":"11525_CR22","volume-title":"Solos. Determina\u00e7\u00e3o dos limites de consist\u00eancia","author":"Portuguese Standard NP-143","year":"1969","unstructured":"Portuguese Standard NP-143 (1969) Solos. Determina\u00e7\u00e3o dos limites de consist\u00eancia. IPQ, Lisboa"},{"key":"11525_CR23","volume-title":"Solos. Determina\u00e7\u00e3o da densidade das part\u00edculas","author":"Portuguese Standard NP-83","year":"1965","unstructured":"Portuguese Standard NP-83 (1965) Solos. Determina\u00e7\u00e3o da densidade das part\u00edculas. IPQ, Lisboa"},{"issue":"2","key":"11525_CR24","first-page":"101","volume":"31","author":"JF Ramos","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ramos JF, Ribeiro A, Barriga FJAS (1994) Mineraliza\u00e7\u00e3o de metais raros de Seixo Amarelo \u2013 Gon\u00e7alo (Guarda) \u2013 Breve Nota Introdut\u00f3ria. Bol Minas 31(2):101\u2013115","journal-title":"Bol Minas"},{"issue":"1","key":"11525_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.2016.080.049","volume":"80","author":"E Roda-Robles","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roda-Robles E, Pesquera A, Gil-Crespo P, Vieira R, Lima A, Garate-Olave I, Martins T, Torres-Ruiz J (2016) Geology and mineralogy of the Li mineralization in the Central Iberian Zone (Spain and Portugal). Mineral Mag 80(1):103\u2013126","journal-title":"Mineral Mag"},{"issue":"533","key":"11525_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"78","author":"PMSM Rodrigues","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodrigues PMSM, Ant\u00e3o AMMC, Rodrigues R (2019) Evaluation of the impact of lithium exploitation at the C57 mine (Gon\u00e7alo, Portugal) on water, soil and air quality. EnvironEarth Sci 78(533):1\u201314","journal-title":"EnvironEarth Sci"},{"key":"11525_CR27","unstructured":"SNIRH (2022) https:\/\/snirh.apambiente.pt\/index.php?idMain=1&idItem=1.4) accessed on September 9, 2022"},{"key":"11525_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2021.106937","volume":"234","author":"J Toupal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Toupal J, Vann DR, Zhu C, Gier\u00e9 R (2022) Geochemistry of surface waters around four hard-rock lithium deposits in Central Europe. J Geochem Explor 234:106937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2021.106937","journal-title":"J Geochem Explor"},{"key":"11525_CR29","unstructured":"US EPA (2021) National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ground-water-and-drinkingwater\/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations"},{"key":"11525_CR30","unstructured":"USGS (2022) Mineral Commodity Summaries 2022\u2014Lithium. https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2022\/mcs2022-lithium.pdf.  Accesssed Feb 2023"}],"container-title":["Environmental Earth Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12665-024-11525-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12665-024-11525-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12665-024-11525-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T04:15:41Z","timestamp":1712549741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12665-024-11525-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["11525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12665-024-11525-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2907038\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1866-6280","1866-6299"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-6280","type":"print"},{"value":"1866-6299","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have not disclosed any competing interests, namely financial, commercial, legal, or professional relationships with any organization that could influence your research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"224"}}