{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:52:36Z","timestamp":1773805956015,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["801604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["801604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energy Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lightning hit a transmission power line outside London, England on 9 August 2019. There followed a loss of power from a cascade of generator outages that exceeded contingency reserves, leading to an exceptional fall in grid frequency causing widespread transport disruptions and the disconnection of over 1\u00a0m households. Simulating such events typically involves a system of differential equations representing the overall generation and load present at the time. A standard model based on the swing equation assumes unlimited capacity in aggregated resources, and the availability of these services throughout the duration of the frequency deviation. In simulating the effect of outages on the GB Grid frequency on 2019\/8\/9, the effect of limiting these services to the capacity of resources engaged during the event is examined. It is shown that by taking these refinements into account the timing and extent of the frequency nadir can be successfully estimated. Insight is gained into the responses of various grid characteristics and how they interact with unplanned generation imbalances. Using this adapted model, further events on the GB grid are examined to validate the influence of these features. With the model\u2019s effectiveness validated, novel mitigating measures to preserve the stability of a low-inertia grid can be evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12667-023-00570-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T23:34:19Z","timestamp":1678404859000},"page":"187-203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Simulating the GB power system frequency during underfrequency events 2018\u201319"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-5200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Cooke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Mestel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"570_CR1","unstructured":"ESO: Technical report on the events of 9 August 2019. 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Energy Rep. 6, 63\u201369,\u00a0(2020). \u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.02.028\u00a0","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"570_CR5","unstructured":"ESO: System operability framework \u2013 past frequency events. Technical report, National Grid ESO, (2020). https:\/\/www.nationalgrideso.com\/document\/156761\/download"},{"key":"570_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miller, N.W., Shao, M., D\u2019aquila, R., Pajic, S., Clark, K.: Frequency response of the US Eastern Interconnection under conditions of high wind and solar generation. In: 2015 Seventh Annual IEEE Green Technologies Conference, pp. 21\u201328, (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GREENTECH.2015.31","DOI":"10.1109\/GREENTECH.2015.31"},{"key":"570_CR7","unstructured":"ESO: Grid code (UK). 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Technical report, National Grid ESO, (2020). https:\/\/www.nationalgrideso.com\/document\/152351\/download"},{"key":"570_CR11","unstructured":"ESO: Interim technical report on the events of 9 August 2019. Technical report, National Grid ESO, (2020). https:\/\/www.nationalgrideso.com\/news\/interim-technical-report-power-outages-friday-9-august"},{"key":"570_CR12","unstructured":"ESO: System operability framework. Technical report, National Grid ESO, (2016). https:\/\/www.nationalgrideso.com\/research-publications\/system-operability-framework-sof"},{"key":"570_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2021.107444","volume":"199","author":"C MacIver","year":"2021","unstructured":"MacIver, C., Bell, K., Nedd, M.: An analysis of the August 9th 2019 GB transmission system frequency incident. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 199, 107444,\u00a0(2021). \u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epsr.2021.107444\u00a0","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. 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