{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T10:33:25Z","timestamp":1755599605538,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mindfulness"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The aim of the study was to develop a new self-report scale to explore the \u201cfears, blocks and resistances of mindfulness\u201d. Currently, there is no scale to identify individuals who may struggle with engaging in mindfulness.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 522 participants were invited to take part in the study from three countries: Australia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009199), Portugal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009160), and the UK (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009163). Participants completed a range of self-report scales including the newly developed Fears and Resistances to Mindfulness (FRM), Fears of Compassion, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales, Forms of Self-criticising\/Attacking and Self-Reassuring, and the Five\u00a0Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Factor analyses suggested the scale comprised 2 factors. One was related to fears of paying attention to what arises within one\u2019s mind. The second factor was related to resistances, i.e. that mindfulness is a waste of time. Seven items were filler items, and 5 items were identified as problematic due to low communalities or cross-loading; therefore from the original 31 items, 19 were retained in the final scale, which demonstrated excellent internal consistency (McDonald\u2019s <jats:italic>\u03a9<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.90 for both scales), good construct validity, and temporal stability.\u00a0Blocks to mindfulness did not emerge as a separate factor.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is the first study to specifically explore fears and resistances to mindfulness and their associations with fears of compassion, self-criticism, and mental health difficulties. Data suggested that fears and resistances are distinct constructs and should be measured independently. The new measure can offer insights in to fears and resistances to mindfulness, and future research can explore how to work with them.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Preregistration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study was not preregistered.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-023-02171-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T02:01:42Z","timestamp":1693792902000},"page":"2602-2616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fears and Resistances to Mindfulness: Development of a Self-Report Scale"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8431-9892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaskaran","family":"Basran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ptarmigan","family":"Plowright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Petrocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2171_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103941","volume":"145","author":"A Aizik-Reebs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aizik-Reebs, A., Shoham, A., & Bernstein, A. (2021). First, do no harm: An intensive experience sampling study of adverse effects to mindfulness training. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 145, 103941.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103941","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2171_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176","volume":"10","author":"MM Antony","year":"1998","unstructured":"Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"2171_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191104268029","volume":"11","author":"RA Baer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191104268029","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"2171_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191105283504","volume":"13","author":"RA Baer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191105283504","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"2171_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.01.001","volume":"71","author":"R Baer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baer, R., Crane, C., Miller, E., & Kuyken, W. (2019). Doing no harm in mindfulness-based programs: Conceptual issues and empirical findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 71, 101\u2013114.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.01.001","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"2171_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-020-01547-8","volume":"12","author":"R Baer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baer, R., Crane, C., Montero-Marin, J., Phillips, A., Taylor, L., Tickell, A., & Kuyken, W. (2021). Frequency of self-reported unpleasant events and harm in a mindfulness-based program in two general population samples. Mindfulness, 12(3), 763\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-020-01547-8","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"2171_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2014). Konstruktion und erste Validierung eines Fragebogens zur umfassenden Erfassung von Achtsamkeit. Diagnostica, 60(3), 111\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0012-1924\/a000109","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924\/a000109"},{"key":"2171_CR8","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment","author":"JL Boulanger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boulanger, J. L., Hayes, S. C., & Pistorello, J. (2010). Experiential avoidance as a functional contextual concept. In A. M. Kring & D. M. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment (pp. 107\u2013136). The Guilford Press."},{"key":"2171_CR9","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Basic Books."},{"key":"2171_CR10","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1973). Separation, anxiety and anger: attachment and loss, Vol. 2. Hogarth Press."},{"key":"2171_CR11","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1980). Loss: sadness and depression: attachment and loss, Vol. 3. Hogarth Press."},{"issue":"6","key":"2171_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702621996340","volume":"9","author":"WB Britton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Britton, W. B., Lindahl, J. R., Cooper, D. J., Canby, N. K., & Palitsky, R. (2021). Defining and measuring meditation-related adverse effects in mindfulness-based programs. Clinical Psychological Science, 9(6), 1185\u20131204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702621996340","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science"},{"key":"2171_CR13","volume-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","author":"TA Brown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. The Guilford Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"2171_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.4.822","volume":"84","author":"KW Brown","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822\u2013848.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.84.4.822","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2171_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1300\/j005v35n02_04","volume":"35","author":"CG Brown","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brown, C. G., & Stewart, S. H. (2008). Exploring perceptions of alcohol use as self-medication for depression among women receiving community-based treatment for alcohol problems. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 35(2), 33\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/j005v35n02_04","journal-title":"Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community"},{"issue":"2","key":"2171_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.01.001","volume":"34","author":"K Cavanagh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cavanagh, K., Strauss, C., Forder, L., & Jones, F. (2014). Can mindfulness and acceptance be learnt by self-help?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness and acceptance-based self-help interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(2), 118\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.01.001","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"2171_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-022-01834-6","volume":"13","author":"B Cayoun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cayoun, B., Elphinstone, B., Kasselis, N., Bilsborrow, G., & Skilbeck, C. (2022). Validation and factor structure of the Mindfulness-Based Self Efficacy Scale-Revised. Mindfulness, 13(3), 751\u2013765.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-022-01834-6","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"9","key":"2171_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0183137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183137","volume":"12","author":"A Cebolla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cebolla, A., Demarzo, M., Martins, P., Soler, J., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2017). Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A Multicentre Survey. PLoS ONE, 12(9), e0183137.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0183137","journal-title":"A Multicentre Survey. Plos One"},{"key":"2171_CR19","unstructured":"Dell, P. F. & O\u2019Neil, J. A. (2009). Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond. Routledge."},{"key":"2171_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Didonna, F. (2009). Clinical handbook of mindfulness. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09593-6"},{"key":"2171_CR21","unstructured":"Ellenberger, H. F. (1970). The discovery of the unconscious: the history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry (Vol. 1, pp.280\u2013281). Basic Books."},{"key":"2171_CR22","unstructured":"Farias, M. & Wikholm, C. (2015). The Buddha pill: can meditation actually change you? Watkins."},{"key":"2171_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-006-9035-8","volume":"29","author":"G Feldman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 177\u2013190.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-006-9035-8","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"2171_CR24","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics","author":"A Field","year":"2013","unstructured":"Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage."},{"key":"2171_CR25","first-page":"439","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling: A second course","author":"SJ Finney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2013). Nonnormal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (pp. 439\u2013492). IAP Information Age Publishing."},{"key":"2171_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315564296-4","volume-title":"Compassion: Concepts, research and applications","author":"CK Germer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Germer, C. K., & Barnhofer, T. (2017). Mindfulness and compassion: Similarities and differences. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Concepts, research and applications (pp. 69\u201386). Routledge."},{"key":"2171_CR27","volume-title":"Mindfulness and psychotherapy","author":"CK Germer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Germer, C. K., Siegel, R. D., & Fulton, P. R. (2013). Mindfulness and psychotherapy. The Guilford Press."},{"key":"2171_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert, P., & Simos, G. (Eds.). (2022). Compassion focused therapy: Clinical practice and applications. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003035879"},{"key":"2171_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003035879-10","volume-title":"Compassion focused therapy: Clinical practice and applications","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gilbert, P. (2022a). Compassionate mind training: Key themes. In P. Gilbert & G. Simos (Eds.), Compassion focused therapy: Clinical practice and applications (pp. 273\u2013312). Routledge."},{"key":"2171_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003035879-7","volume-title":"Compassion focused therapy: Clinical practice and applications","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gilbert, P. (2022b). Formulation and fears, blocks and resistances. In P. Gilbert & G. Simos (Eds.), Compassion focused therapy: Clinical practice and applications (pp. 207\u2013239). Routledge."},{"issue":"1","key":"2171_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1348\/014466504772812959","volume":"43","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Hempel, S., Miles, J. N., & Irons, C. (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(1), 31\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466504772812959","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2171_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1348\/147608310X526511","volume":"84","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 84, 239\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/147608310X526511","journal-title":"Psychology and Psychotherapy"},{"key":"2171_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-1044.S2-004","volume":"2","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Catarino, F., & Bai\u00e3o, R. (2014a). Fears of negative emotions in relation to fears of happiness, compassion, alexithymia and psychopathology in a depressed population: A preliminary study. Journal of Depression and Anxiety,\u00a0S2, 003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2167-1044.S2-004","journal-title":"Journal of Depression and Anxiety"},{"issue":"2","key":"2171_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12037","volume":"53","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Catarino, F., Bai\u00e3o, R., & Palmeira, L. (2014c). Fears of happiness and compassion in relationship with depression, alexithymia, and attachment security in a depressed sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(2), 228\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjc.12037","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2171_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Catarino, F. & Bai\u00e3o, R. (2014b). Fears of compassion in a depressed population: implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, S2, 003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2167-1044.S2-003","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-1044.S2-003"},{"key":"2171_CR36","unstructured":"Gilbert, P., & Choden. (2013). Mindful compassion. Hachette."},{"key":"2171_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjk2xv6","volume-title":"Object relations in psychoanalytic theory","author":"JR Greenberg","year":"1983","unstructured":"Greenberg, J. R., & Mitchell, S. A. (1983). Object relations in psychoanalytic theory. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"2171_CR38","unstructured":"Hanh, T. N. (2020).\u00a0The sun my heart: the companion to the miracle of mindfulness. Parallax Press."},{"issue":"6","key":"2171_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.6.1152","volume":"64","author":"SC Hayes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152\u20131168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.64.6.1152","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2171_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"LT Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2171_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2009.09.003","volume":"20","author":"D Iacobucci","year":"2010","unstructured":"Iacobucci, D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(1), 90\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcps.2009.09.003","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2171_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-015-0456-x","volume":"6","author":"J Kabat-Zinn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kabat-Zinn, J. (2015). Mindfulness. Mindfulness, 6(6), 1481\u20131483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-015-0456-x","journal-title":"Mindfulness. Mindfulness"},{"key":"2171_CR43","unstructured":"Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005).\u00a0Coming to our senses: healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. Hachette UK."},{"issue":"6","key":"2171_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.05.005","volume":"33","author":"B Khoury","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., Chapleau, M., Paquin, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 763\u2013771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.05.005","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"2171_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.03.001","volume":"70","author":"JN Kirby","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kirby, J. N., Day, J., & Sagar, V. (2019). The \u2018flow\u2019 of compassion: A meta-analysis of the fears of compassion scales and psychological functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 70, 26\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.03.001","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"2171_CR46","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press."},{"key":"2171_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lindahl, J. R., Fisher, N. E., Cooper, D. J., Rosen, R. K. & Britton, W. B. (2017). The varieties of contemplative experience: a mixed-methods study of meditation-related challenges in Western Buddhists. PloS ONE, 12(5), e0176239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0176239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176239"},{"issue":"4","key":"2171_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-014-0329-8","volume":"6","author":"T Lomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lomas, T., Cartwright, T., Edginton, T., & Ridge, D. (2015). A qualitative analysis of experiential challenges associated with meditation practice. Mindfulness, 6(4), 848\u2013860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-014-0329-8","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"3","key":"2171_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-u","volume":"33","author":"PF Lovibond","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-u","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"2171_CR50","unstructured":"Mar\u00f4co, J. (2010). Structural equation analysis: theoretical foundations, software & applications.\u00a0Lisboa: Report."},{"key":"2171_CR51","unstructured":"Pollak, S. M., Pedulla, T. & Siegel, R. D. (2014).\u00a0Sitting together: essential skills for mindfulness-based psychotherapy. Guilford Publications."},{"issue":"4","key":"2171_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1177\/0003065114546746","volume":"62","author":"TR Rice","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rice, T. R., & Hoffman, L. (2014). Defense mechanisms and implicit emotion regulation: A comparison of a psychodynamic construct with one from contemporary neuroscience. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 62(4), 693\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0003065114546746","journal-title":"Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"2171_CR53","first-page":"62","volume":"39","author":"DH Shapiro","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shapiro, D. H. (1992). Adverse effects of meditation: A preliminary investigation of long-term meditators. International Journal of Psychosomatics, 39(1\u20134), 62\u201367.","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychosomatics : Official Publication of the International Psychosomatics Institute"},{"key":"2171_CR54","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013).\u00a0Using multivariate statistics\u00a0(Vol. 6, pp. 497\u2013516). Pearson."},{"issue":"8","key":"2171_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-022-01915-6","volume":"13","author":"GB Taylor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taylor, G. B., Vasquez, T. S., Kastrinos, A., Fisher, C. L., Puig, A., & Bylund, C. L. (2022). The adverse effects of meditation-interventions and mind\u2013body practices: A systematic review. Mindfulness, 13(8), 1839\u20131856.","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"1","key":"2171_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617709589","volume":"13","author":"NT Van Dam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Dam, N. T., Van Vugt, M. K., Vago, D. R., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C. D., Olendzki, A., Meissner, T., Lazar, S. S., Kerr, C. E., Gorchov, J., Field, K. C. R. B. A., Britton, W. B., Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., & Meyer, D. E. (2018). Mind the hype: A critical evaluation and prescriptive agenda for research on mindfulness and meditation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(1), 36\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691617709589","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"2171_CR57","unstructured":"Van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E. R. & Steele, K. (2006).\u00a0The haunted self: structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic traumatization. WW Norton & Company."},{"issue":"7","key":"2171_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-020-01586-1","volume":"12","author":"W Van Gordon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Gordon, W., Sapthiang, S., Barrows, P., & Shonin, E. (2021). Understanding and practicing emptiness. Mindfulness, 12(7), 1845\u20131848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-020-01586-1","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"8","key":"2171_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.11.025","volume":"40","author":"H Walach","year":"2006","unstructured":"Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenm\u00fcller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness\u2014the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1543\u20131555.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2005.11.025","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"2171_CR60","unstructured":"West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1996). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications (pp. 56\u201375.). Sage."}],"container-title":["Mindfulness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12671-023-02171-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12671-023-02171-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12671-023-02171-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T02:22:21Z","timestamp":1699582941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12671-023-02171-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-023-02171-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-8527","1868-8535"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1868-8527"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1868-8535"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 June 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Derby Ethics Committee (dated 20 July 2017; reference 60\u20131617-PG).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Participants were asked to read an information sheet containing details of the study, before being presented with a consent form. Participants could only proceed with the study after providing informed consent. All research participants provided consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) Ethical Principles for Medical Research involving Human Subjects and its later amendments.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}