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(Wetlands 42:63, 2022) reviewed evidence for ecological damage to the Do\u00f1ana wetlands (UNESCO World Heritage Site [WHS] and Ramsar site), Spain, associated with intensification of groundwater use, particularly for agriculture. Acreman et al. presented a multistep methodology for evidence-based risk assessment that involves identification of conservation issues, and a systematic review of scientific evidence for ecological damage and its causes. However, they involved few local scientists, used a questionable methodology in stakeholder selection and involvement, used a flawed conceptual framework, and an incomplete literature review. We propose improvements to their methodology. They overlooked or misinterpreted key evidence, and underestimated the impacts that abstraction for irrigation for red fruits (mainly strawberries), rice and other crops has had on Do\u00f1ana and its biodiversity. They reported groundwater level depletion of up to 10\u00a0m in the deep aquifer, but wrongly concluded that there is no evidence for impacts on the natural marsh ecosystem, the dune ponds or the ecotone. Groundwater drawdowns are actually up to 20\u00a0m, and have inverted the formerly ascending vertical hydraulic gradient in discharge areas. Phreatic levels have been lowered from 0.5 to 2\u00a0m in some areas. Groundwater abstraction has caused multiple ecological impacts to temporary ponds and marshes in the WHS, as well as to terrestrial vegetation, and should be urgently reduced. Furthermore, Acreman et al. focused on groundwater quantity while overlooking the importance of severe impacts on quality of both surface and groundwater, intimately connected to the use of agrochemicals for irrigated crops.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-023-01769-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T03:02:31Z","timestamp":1706151751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Groundwater Abstraction has Caused Extensive Ecological Damage to the Do\u00f1ana World Heritage Site, Spain"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1268-4951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy J.","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9352-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Guardiola-Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Bravo-Utrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5280-3038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0841-2010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9704-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Contreras-Arribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Espinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6795-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Gil-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Gomez-Mestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0714-3226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Heredia-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Kohfahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8697-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Negro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Ol\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eloy","family":"Revilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8507-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Ru\u00edz-Bermudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5072-2912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Santamar\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Serrano-Reina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0460-4616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"D\u00edaz-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1769_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-022-01836-6","volume":"6","author":"M Acreman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Acreman M, Salathe T (2022) A complex story of groundwater abstraction and ecological threats to the Do\u00f1ana National Park World Heritage Site. 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Arguably it may be in the interest of those working on behalf of these international institutions to demonstrate that their programmes lead to adequate site protection. The statement of competing interests in a closely related publication by Acreman and Salathe () therefore seems more appropriate. It is noteworthy that Do\u00f1ana has been included in the Montreux Record of the Ramsar Convention (for Ramsar sites where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur) since  due to \u201cover-exploitation of regional aquifers, leading to a drop in groundwater levels and a reduction in the extent and duration of seasonal flooding in the marshes\u201d.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"20"}}