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Res."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    WHO ranked chronic inflammatory diseases as the most significant cause of death. The current therapeutic approach is the constant administration of clinically available anti-inflammatory drugs; however, this strategy presents severe side effects. New entities derived from plants have shown their potential for developing safe and effective therapies. Particularly,\n                    <jats:italic>Echinacea purpurea<\/jats:italic>\n                    extracts have demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, dichloromethanolic extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>E. purpurea<\/jats:italic>\n                    roots (DE-R), rich in alkylamides, were used to produce an anti-inflammatory formulation. To increase therapeutic efficacy, DE-R were loaded into liposomes (LPs), which were also engineered to actively target M1 macrophages via surface functionalization with folic acid (FLPs). The developed formulations were homogeneous, with a mean particle size of \u2248114\u00a0nm. The liposomes were cytocompatible at all tested concentrations and strongly reduced IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. As expected, FLPs\u2009+\u2009DE-R were 6.3 times better than LPs\u2009+\u2009DE-R, and 9.7 times greater than free DE-R. The anti-inflammatory activity of free DE-R and DE-R-loaded FLPs was assessed in an experimental rat model of inflammation. A single intra-articular injection of the FLPs\u2009+\u2009DE-R promoted a significant reduction of edema, inflammatory pain, and immune cell infiltration, particularly of CD68\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    macrophages, as well as IL-6 expression. This formulation reduced synovial inflammation more efficiently than free DE-R. We also demonstrated that the developed formulation was safe, as no welfare changes or harmful toxicity to major organs were observed. Therefore,\n                    <jats:italic>E. purpurea<\/jats:italic>\n                    roots extracts loaded in liposomes can be used as a natural, innovative, and powerful new formulation to treat chronic inflammatory diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-026-02109-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T15:20:18Z","timestamp":1775748018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vivo evaluation of the anti-inflammatory efficacy of liposomes loaded with Echinacea purpurea roots extracts"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Sara F.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Fonseca-Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mendanha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V\u00e2nia I. 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