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However, the contribution of multiple cell types, notably natural killer (NK) cells, has also been reported.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To quantify circulating total NK cells and its subpopulations, CD56 dim and bright, and to characterize the functional phenotype and IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 production in relapsing\u2013remitting patients treated with IFN-\u03b2 and in apparently healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CD56<jats:sup>bright<\/jats:sup> NK cells were found to be the least represented subpopulation. In relapse patients, the frequencies of IFN-\u03b3-producing NK cells and their subpopulations were significantly decreased. In remission patients, CD56<jats:sup>dim<\/jats:sup> NK cells expressed high levels of HLA-DR and CD54.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These results suggest that remission RRMS patients, although in an inactive stage of MS, present circulating NK cells with an activation phenotype, supporting the idea that NK cells may be relevant mediators in the MS pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-024-02488-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T13:03:22Z","timestamp":1709643802000},"page":"603-610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis patients exhibit differential natural killer functional subpopulations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Rodrigues Barreto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1118-5525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Mafalda","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2488_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13819","volume":"26","author":"R Dobson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dobson R, Giovannoni G (2019) Multiple sclerosis\u2014a review. 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