{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:59:19Z","timestamp":1770742759876,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006752","name":"Universidade do Porto","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Polarized training intensity distribution (POL) was recently suggested to be superior to other training intensity distribution (TID) regimens for endurance performance improvement.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze evidence comparing POL to other TIDs on endurance performance.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PRISMA guidelines were followed. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022365117). PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to 20 October 2022 for studies in adults and young adults for\u2009\u2265\u20094 weeks comparing POL with other TID interventions regarding<jats:italic> V<\/jats:italic>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak, time-trial (TT), time to exhaustion (TTE) or speed or power at the second ventilatory or lactate threshold (V\/P at VT<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/LT<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). Risk of bias was assessed with RoB-2 and ROBINS-I. Certainty of evidence was assessed with GRADE. Results were analyzed by random effects meta-analysis using standardized mean differences.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009437 subjects). Pooled effect estimates suggest POL superiority for improving <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak (SMD\u2009=\u20090.24 [95% CI 0.01, 0.48]; <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.02 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040); 11 studies, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009284; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090%; high certainty of evidence). Superiority, however, only occurred in shorter interventions (&lt;\u200912 weeks) (SMD\u2009=\u20090.40 [95% CI 0.08, 0.71; <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.49 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01); <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009163; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090%) and for highly trained athletes (SMD\u2009=\u20090.46 [95% CI 0.10, 0.82]; <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.51 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01); <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009125; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090%). The remaining endurance performance surrogates were similarly affected by POL and other TIDs: TT (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u2013 0.01 [95% CI -0.28, 0.25]; <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.10 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.92); <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009221; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090%), TTE (SMD\u2009=\u20090.30 [95% CI \u2013\u00a00.20, 0.79]; <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.18 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.24); <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200966; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090%) and V\/P VT<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/LT<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (SMD\u2009=\u20090.04 [95% CI -0.21, 0.29]; <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.32 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.75); <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009253; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090%). Risk of bias for randomized controlled trials was rated as of some concern and for non-randomized controlled trials as low risk of bias (two studies) and some concerns (one study).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>POL is superior to other TIDs for improving <jats:italic> V<\/jats:italic>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak, particularly in shorter duration interventions and highly trained athletes. However, the effect of POL was similar to that of other TIDs on the remaining surrogates of endurance performance. The results suggest that POL more effectively improves aerobic power but is similar to other TIDs for improving aerobic capacity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02034-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T05:01:50Z","timestamp":1715144510000},"page":"2071-2095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparison of Polarized Versus Other Types of Endurance Training Intensity Distribution on Athletes\u2019 Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6397-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Silva Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2974-6343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorjines","family":"Boppre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9002-8976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lder","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2034_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0722","volume":"14","author":"JG Bourgois","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bourgois JG, Bourgois G, Boone J. 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Giorjines Boppre is supported by FCT grant SFRH\/BD\/146976\/2019. HF's work is currently supported by FCT grant PTDC\/SAU-DES\/4113\/2020.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests do disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest\/Competing Interests"}},{"value":"Data could be made available for purposes deemed to be appropriate upon contact with the corresponding author.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Availability"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability (Software Application or Custom Code)"}},{"value":"PO, GB, and HF: Study concept and design. PO, GB, and HF: Data analyses. GB: Statistical analysis. PO and HF: Drafting the manuscript. PO, GB, and HF: Revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 Contributions"}}]}}