{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T01:08:56Z","timestamp":1767143336182,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Perspect Behav Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40614-020-00272-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T15:55:04Z","timestamp":1606146904000},"page":"791-802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rules of Conduct for Behavior Analysts in the Presence of Hypothetical Constructs: A Commentary on Eckard and Lattal (2020)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4380-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Guilhardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcelo S.","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"272_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-6357(98)00043-6","volume":"44","author":"LG Allan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Allan, L. G. (1998). The influence of the scalar timing model on human timing research. Behavioural Processes, 44, 101\u2013117.","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"272_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115117","volume":"65","author":"MJ Allman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allman, M. J., Teki, S., Griffiths, T. D., & Meck, W. H. (2014). Properties of the internal clock: First- and second-order principles of subjective time. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 743\u2013771.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"272_CR3","unstructured":"Bachelard, G. (1968). The philosophy of No: A philosophy of the new scientific mind. [Trans. G. C. Waterston. New York: The Orion Press. (Originally published in 1940.)"},{"key":"272_CR4","unstructured":"Bachelard, G. (1984). The new scientific spirit. (A. Goldhammer, trans.). Beacon Press. (Original work published 1934)"},{"key":"272_CR5","unstructured":"Bunge, M. (1967). Analogy in quantum theory: From insight to nonsense. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 18, 265\u2013286."},{"key":"272_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-016-0977-2","volume":"19","author":"M Carvalho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carvalho, M., Machado, A., & Vasconcelos, M. (2016). Animal timing: A synthetic approach. Animal Cognition, 19, 707\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-016-0977-2.","journal-title":"Animal Cognition"},{"key":"272_CR7","first-page":"67","volume":"42","author":"M Carvalho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carvalho, M., Machado, A., & Tonneau, F. (2015). Learning in the temporal bisection task: Relative or absolute? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning. Cognition, 42, 67\u201381.","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"272_CR8","volume-title":"The theory of reinforcement schedules (pp. 1\u201342)","author":"AC Catania","year":"1970","unstructured":"Catania, A. C. (1970). Reinforcement schedules and the psychophysical judgments: a study of some temporal properties of behavior. In W. N. Schoenfeld (Ed.), The theory of reinforcement schedules (pp. 1\u201342) Appleton-Century-Crofts."},{"key":"272_CR9","unstructured":"Church, R. M. (2003). A concise introduction to scalar timing theory. In W. Meck (Ed.), Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing (pp. 3\u201322). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press."},{"key":"272_CR10","unstructured":"Church, R. M. (2004). Temporal learning. In H. Pashler & C. R. Gallistel (Eds.), Stevens' handbook of experimental psychology, Vol. 3: Learning, motivation, and emotion (3rd ed.; pp. 365\u2013393). New York: Wiley."},{"key":"272_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.9.2.160","volume":"3","author":"RM Church","year":"1977","unstructured":"Church, R. M., & Deluty, M. Z. (1977). Bisection of temporal intervals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 3, 216\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0097-7403.9.2.160.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes"},{"key":"272_CR12","volume-title":"The theory of reinforcement schedules (pp. 43\u201361)","author":"PB Dews","year":"1970","unstructured":"Dews, P. B. (1970). The theory of fixed-interval responding. In W. N. Schoenfeld (Ed.), The theory of reinforcement schedules (pp. 43\u201361) Appleton-Century-Crofts."},{"key":"272_CR13","unstructured":"Duhem, P. (1996). To save the phenomena: Essay on the concept of physical therapy from Plato to Galileo. In R. Ariew & P. Barker (Eds. and Trans.). Essays in the history and philosophy of science (pp. 131\u2013156). Hackett Publishing Company: Indianapolis. (Original work published 1908)"},{"key":"272_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40614-018-00189-5","volume":"43","author":"ML Eckard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eckard, M. L., & Lattal, K. A. (2020). The internal clock: A manifestation of a misguided mechanistic view of causation? Perspectives on Behavior Science, 43, 5\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40614-018-00189-5.","journal-title":"Perspectives on Behavior Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"272_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2307\/226383","volume":"41","author":"E Farber","year":"1950","unstructured":"Farber, E. (1950). Chemical discoveries by means of analogies. Isis, 41(1), 20\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/226383.","journal-title":"Isis"},{"key":"272_CR16","first-page":"43","volume":"21","author":"JG Fetterman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fetterman, J. G., & Killeen, P. R. (1995). Categorical scaling of time: implications for clock-counter models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 21, 43\u201363.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes"},{"key":"272_CR17","unstructured":"Galileo Galilei. (1957). Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina. In S. Drake (Ed.), Discoveries and opinions of Galileo (pp. 173\u2013216). New York: Anchor Books. Originally published in 1615."},{"key":"272_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1992.57-393","volume":"57","author":"J Gibbon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gibbon, J., & Church, R. (1992). Comparison of variance and covariance patterns in parallel and serial theories of timing. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 57, 393\u2013406.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"272_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(97)80005-0","volume":"7","author":"J Gibbon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gibbon, J., Malapani, C., Dale, C. L., & Gallistel, C. R. (1997). Toward a neurobiology of temporal cognition: Advances and challenges. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 7, 170\u2013184.","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"922","key":"272_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1126\/science.36.922.263","volume":"36","author":"DF Harris","year":"1912","unstructured":"Harris, D. F. (1912). The metaphor in science. Science, 36(922), 263\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.36.922.263.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"272_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.02.030","volume":"8","author":"J Hass","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hass, J., & Durstewitz, D. (2016). Time at the center, or time at the side? Assessing current models of time perception. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 8, 238\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.02.030.","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"272_CR22","volume-title":"Concepts, theories, and the mind-body problem (pp. 37\u201398). Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. II","author":"CG Hempel","year":"1958","unstructured":"Hempel, C. G. (1958). The theoretician\u2019s dilemma. In H. Feigl, M. Scriven, & G. Maxwell (Eds.), Concepts, theories, and the mind-body problem (pp. 37\u201398). Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. II. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press."},{"key":"272_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1984.41-1","volume":"41","author":"P Hineline","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hineline, P. (1984). Editorial. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 41, 1\u20132.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"272_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1990.53-305","volume":"53","author":"P Hineline","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hineline, P. (1990). The origins of environment-based psychological theory. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 305\u2013320.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"272_CR25","volume-title":"Thematic origins of scientific thought: Kepler to Einstein","author":"G Holton","year":"1988","unstructured":"Holton, G. (1988). Thematic origins of scientific thought: Kepler to Einstein (Rev. ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.","edition":"Rev. ed."},{"key":"272_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226360492.001.0001","volume-title":"Science as a process: An evolutionary account of the social and conceptual development of science","author":"DL Hull","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hull, D. L. (1988). Science as a process: An evolutionary account of the social and conceptual development of science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"272_CR27","volume-title":"Concepts of force","author":"M Jammer","year":"1957","unstructured":"Jammer, M. (1957). Concepts of force. New York, NY: Dover."},{"key":"272_CR28","unstructured":"Johnson-Laird, P. (1988). The computer and the mind. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"272_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1993.59-411","volume":"59","author":"P Killeen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Killeen, P., & Fetterman, G. (1993). The behavioral theory of timing: transition analyses. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 59, 411\u2013422.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"272_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-6357(99)00014-5","volume":"45","author":"PR Killeen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Killeen, P. R., Hall, S., & Bizo, L. A. (1999). A clock not wound runs down. Behavioural Processes, 45, 129\u2013139.","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"272_CR31","first-page":"3","volume":"21","author":"TM Leak","year":"1995","unstructured":"Leak, T. M., & Gibbon, J. (1995). Simultaneous timing of multiple intervals: Implications of the scalar property. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 21, 3\u201319.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes"},{"key":"272_CR32","volume-title":"Metaphors in the history of psychology","year":"1990","unstructured":"Leary, D. E. (Ed.). (1990). Metaphors in the history of psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"272_CR33","volume-title":"The role of analogy, model and metaphor in science","author":"WH Leatherdale","year":"1974","unstructured":"Leatherdale, W. H. (1974). The role of analogy, model and metaphor in science. New York: Elsevier."},{"key":"272_CR34","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 25th International Congress of Psychology","author":"A Machado","year":"1992","unstructured":"Machado, A. (1992). The future of behaviorism: An insider's perspective. In Paper presented at the 25th International Congress of Psychology. Brussels: Belgium."},{"key":"272_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1993.60-469","volume":"60","author":"A Machado","year":"1993","unstructured":"Machado, A. (1993). Internal states: Necessary but not sufficient. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60, 469\u2013472.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"272_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2000.74-25","volume":"74","author":"A Machado","year":"2000","unstructured":"Machado, A., & Guilhardi, P. (2000). Shifts in the psychometric function and their implications for models of timing. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 74, 25\u201354.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"272_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00152","volume":"10","author":"A Machado","year":"1999","unstructured":"Machado, A., & Keen, R. (1999). Learning to Time (LET) or Scalar Expectancy Theory (SET)? A Critical Test of Two Models of Timing. Psychological Science, 10, 285\u2013290.","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"272_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"28","author":"A Machado","year":"2000","unstructured":"Machado, A., Louren\u00e7o, O., & Silva, F. (2000). Facts, concepts, and theories: The shape of psychology\u2019s epistemic triangle. Behavior & Philosophy, 28, 1\u201340.","journal-title":"Behavior & Philosophy"},{"key":"272_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2009.92-423","volume":"92","author":"A Machado","year":"2009","unstructured":"Machado, A., Malheiro, M. T., & Erlhagen, W. (2009). Learning to time: A perspective. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 92, 423\u2013458.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"272_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.62.7.671","volume":"62","author":"A Machado","year":"2007","unstructured":"Machado, A., & Silva, F. (2007a). Toward a richer view of the scientific method: The role of conceptual analysis. American Psychologist, 62, 671\u2013681.","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"272_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.62.7.689","volume":"62","author":"A Machado","year":"2007","unstructured":"Machado, A., & Silva, F. (2007b). On the clarification of concepts: A reply to Gallistel and Lau. American Psychologist, 62, 689\u2013691.","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"272_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6410(96)00009-2","volume":"3","author":"WH Meck","year":"1996","unstructured":"Meck, W. H. (1996). Neuropharmacology of timing and time perception. Cognitive Brain Research, 3, 227\u2013242.","journal-title":"Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"272_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1006\/jmps.1999.1283","volume":"44","author":"IJ Myung","year":"2000","unstructured":"Myung, I. J. (2000). The importance of complexity in model selection. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 44, 190\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jmps.1999.1283.","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology"},{"key":"272_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.4.4.318","volume":"4","author":"S Roberts","year":"1978","unstructured":"Roberts, S., & Church, R. M. (1978). Control of an internal clock. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 4, 318\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0097-7403.4.4.318.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes"},{"key":"272_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1969.12-677","volume":"12","author":"BA Schneider","year":"1969","unstructured":"Schneider, B. A. (1969). A two-state analysis of fixed-interval responding in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 677\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jeab.1969.12-677.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"272_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1968.11-223","volume":"11","author":"DA Stubbs","year":"1968","unstructured":"Stubbs, D. A. (1968). The discrimination of stimulus duration by pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 223\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jeab.1968.11-223.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"272_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/zuri90466","volume-title":"Behaviorism: A conceptual reconstruction","author":"GE Zuriff","year":"1985","unstructured":"Zuriff, G. E. (1985). Behaviorism: A conceptual reconstruction. New York: Columbia University Press."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s40614-020-00275-7","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000}}],"container-title":["Perspectives on Behavior Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40614-020-00272-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40614-020-00272-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40614-020-00272-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T15:04:46Z","timestamp":1607612686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40614-020-00272-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40614-020-00272-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2520-8969","2520-8977"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2520-8969","type":"print"},{"value":"2520-8977","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 November 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2020","order":3,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":4,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published: <ExternalRef><RefSource>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40614-020-00275-7<\/RefSource><RefTarget Address=\"10.1007\/s40614-020-00275-7\" TargetType=\"DOI\"\/><\/ExternalRef>","order":5,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"None of the authors has any conflicts of interest relevant to the research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The research reported here used no human or animal participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}]}}