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Sustain. Metall."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lead (Pb) is widely used in brass alloys (Cu\u2013Zn) to enhance machinability, as its deformation into needle-like particles promotes chip breakage by initiating cracks. However, growing awareness of Pb\u2019s toxicity has led to strict environmental regulations and growing demand for sustainable, lead-free alternatives. This systematic review, conducted following the PRISMA 2020 framework, consolidates recent research on the development and performance of machinable lead-free brass alloys. A comprehensive search was performed in the Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases, identifying 93 studies for full-text analysis. Various strategies have been identified for the development of lead-free brass, including process optimization, heat treatments, direct Pb substitution, and novel alloy design. The review highlights significant progress in achieving acceptable mechanical and machining performance, although trade-offs in cost, corrosion resistance, and large-scale manufacturability remain. The consolidated key findings offer a structured basis for future alloy design and promote consistent evaluation of microstructural, mechanical, and machining properties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40831-025-01371-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T17:33:43Z","timestamp":1768412023000},"page":"971-993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends and Challenges in Lead-Free Brass Alloy Development for Machining Applications: A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5108-8143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo L.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Truta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5845-5698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00faben F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5295-5648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa W.","family":"Sequeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1371_CR1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advanced gear manufacturing and finishing","author":"K Gupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta K, Jain NK, Laubscher R (2017) Introduction to gear engineering. 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