{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:16:17Z","timestamp":1774419377225,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Vaasa"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energ. Ecol. Environ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effect of ecological distortions and climate change issues have been at the forefront of the minds of policymakers and energy practitioners in recent decades. This concern is associated with the vision of the seventh and thirteenth Sustainable Development Goals that are centered on access to clean energy sources and mitigating climate change issues, as detailed in Vision 2030. To this end, the present study uses Pesaran\u2019s Pooled Mean Group Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model to investigate the determinants of clean\/non-conventional energy in the case of Sub-Saharan Africa. The empirical results show that a 1% increase in economic activity increases the level of renewable energy consumption by 0.128% in the short run. In the long-run, economic growth dampens the consumption of renewable energy by 0.402% over the investigated period. The reason for this peculiar result for the Sub-Saharan African economies could be attributed to the prevalent demand for conventional energy sources and the cost-related factor associated with clean energy technologies even when the economy (herein measured by Gross Domestic Product) is improving. Furthermore, the effect of energy (electricity from fossil fuel) also shows a statistically significant impact when trying to reduce the clean energy consumption. This arises from an expected trade-off effect. Regarding the causality analysis using the heterogeneous panel, the causality results present a one-way causality running from economic growth to renewable energy consumption. We also found there to be a feedback causality relationship between urbanization and renewable energy as well as agricultural value added and economic growth. Based on these findings, several policy decisions were prescribed for Sub-Saharan African economies such as the diversification of Sub-Saharan African economies energy to more renewable energy sources and the adoption of clean energy technologies that are reputed to be cleaner and environmentally friendly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40974-022-00243-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T18:02:31Z","timestamp":1646244151000},"page":"227-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Determinants of renewable energy consumption in agrarian Sub-Sahara African economies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Festus Victor","family":"Bekun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5355-3707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Adewale","family":"Alola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"243_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04878","volume":"6","author":"FF Adedoyin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adedoyin FF, Alola AA, Bekun FV (2020) The nexus of environmental sustainability and agro-economic performance of Sub-Saharan African countries. Heliyon 6(9):e04878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04878","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"243_CR2","unstructured":"Africa Renewable Energy Initiative (2019) https:\/\/www.2030spotlight.org\/en\/book\/605\/chapter\/ii71-africa-renewable-energy-initiative. (Accessed 31st April 2020)"},{"issue":"27","key":"243_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27660","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05943-z","volume":"26","author":"MO Agboola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agboola MO, Bekun FV (2019) Does agricultural value added induce environmental degradation? Empirical evidence from an agrarian country. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(27):27660\u201327676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-019-05943-z","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"243_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2014.02.036","volume":"69","author":"M Aguirre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aguirre M, Ibikunle G (2014) Determinants of renewable energy growth: a global sample analysis. Energy Policy 69:374\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2014.02.036","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"243_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117992","volume":"206","author":"OJ Akintande","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akintande OJ, Olubusoye OE, Adenikinju AF, Olanrewaju BT (2020) Modeling the determinants of renewable energy consumption: evidence from the five most populous nations in Africa. Energy 206:117992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117992","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"243_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.06.055","volume":"81","author":"AK Aliyu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aliyu AK, Modu B, Tan CW (2018) A review of renewable energy development in Africa: a focus in South Africa, Egypt and Nigeria. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 81:2502\u20132518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2017.06.055","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"243_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1177\/0958305X18779577","volume":"29","author":"AA Alola","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alola AA, Alola UV (2018) Agricultural land usage and tourism impact on renewable energy consumption among Coastline Mediterranean Countries. Energy Environ 29(8):1438\u20131454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0958305X18779577","journal-title":"Energy Environ"},{"key":"243_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.01.022","volume":"169","author":"AA Alola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alola AA, Saint Akadiri S (2021) Clean energy development in the United States amidst augmented socioeconomic aspects and country-specific policies. Renew Energy 169:221\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2021.01.022","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"243_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.11.016","volume":"38","author":"N Apergis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Apergis N, Payne JE (2010) Coal consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy 38(3):1353\u20131359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.11.016","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"243_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136376","volume":"712","author":"SA Asongu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asongu SA, Agboola MO, Alola AA, Bekun FV (2020) The criticality of growth, urbanization, electricity and fossil fuel consumption to environment sustainability in Africa. Sci Total Environ 712:136376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136376","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"24","key":"243_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25218","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05737-3","volume":"26","author":"D Balsalobre-Lorente","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balsalobre-Lorente D, Driha OM, Bekun FV, Osundina OA (2019) Do agricultural activities induce carbon emissions? The BRICS experience. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(24):25218\u201325234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-019-05737-3","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"243_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.10.104","volume":"162","author":"M Bhattacharya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhattacharya M, Paramati SR, Ozturk I, Bhattacharya S (2016) The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: evidence from top 38 countries. Appl Energy 162:733\u2013741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.10.104","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"243_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.098","volume":"49","author":"F Bilgili","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bilgili F, Ozturk I (2015) Biomass energy and economic growth nexus in G7 countries: evidence from dynamic panel data. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 49:132\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.098","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"243_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.03.062","volume":"37","author":"S Carley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carley S (2009) State renewable energy electricity policies: an empirical evaluation of effectiveness. Energy Policy 37(8):3071\u20133081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.03.062","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"243_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.05.068","volume":"156","author":"PP da Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"da Silva PP, Cerqueira PA, Ogbe W (2018) Determinants of renewable energy growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from panel ARDL. Energy 156:45\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2018.05.068","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"4","key":"243_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2012.02.014","volume":"29","author":"EI Dumitrescu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dumitrescu EI, Hurlin C (2012) Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Econ Model 29(4):1450\u20131460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econmod.2012.02.014","journal-title":"Econ Model"},{"issue":"3977","key":"243_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3977.1212","volume":"171","author":"PR Ehrlich","year":"1971","unstructured":"Ehrlich PR, Holdren JP (1971) Impact of population growth. Science 171(3977):1212\u20131217","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"243_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.06.016","volume":"51","author":"NV Emodi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Emodi NV, Boo KJ (2015) Sustainable energy development in Nigeria: current status and policy options. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 51:356\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2015.06.016","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"243_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.10.008","volume":"54","author":"G Giovannetti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giovannetti G, Ticci E (2016) Determinants of biofuel-oriented land acquisitions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 54:678\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2015.10.008","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"243_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(03)00092-7","volume":"115","author":"KS Im","year":"2003","unstructured":"Im KS, Pesaran MH, Shin Y (2003) Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. J Econom 115:53\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-4076(03)00092-7","journal-title":"J Econom"},{"key":"243_CR21","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (2019) Africa energy outlook 2019. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/africa-energy-outlook-2019#renewables. (Accessed 30 March 2020)"},{"key":"243_CR22","unstructured":"International Renewable Energy Agency (2019) Africa\u2019s renewable future. the path to sustainable growth. https:\/\/irena.org\/publications\/2013\/Jan\/Africas-Renewable-Future-the-Path-to-Sustainable-Growth. (Accessed 30 March 2020)"},{"key":"243_CR23","first-page":"401","volume":"3","author":"J Kraft","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kraft J, Kraft A (1978) On the relationship between energy and GNP. J Energy Dev 3:401\u2013403","journal-title":"J Energy Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"243_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(01)00098-7","volume":"108","author":"A Levin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Levin A, Lin CF, Chu CSJ (2002) Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. J Econom 108(1):1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-4076(01)00098-7","journal-title":"J Econom"},{"issue":"S1","key":"243_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0084.0610s1631","volume":"61","author":"GS Maddala","year":"1999","unstructured":"Maddala GS, Wu S (1999) A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxf Bull Econ Stat 61(S1):631\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1468-0084.0610s1631","journal-title":"Oxf Bull Econ Stat"},{"key":"243_CR26","unstructured":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2020) https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/causes\/. (Accessed 27 March 2020)"},{"key":"243_CR27","unstructured":"National Geographic (2019) Renewable energy, explained. https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/energy\/reference\/renewable-energy\/. (Accessed 27 March 2020)"},{"key":"243_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.02.061","volume":"140","author":"BT Olanrewaju","year":"2019","unstructured":"Olanrewaju BT, Olubusoye OE, Adenikinju A, Akintande OJ (2019) A panel data analysis of renewable energy consumption in Africa. Renew Energy 140:668\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2019.02.061","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"243_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2012.04.004","volume":"34","author":"BC O'Neill","year":"2012","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill BC, Ren X, Jiang L, Dalton M (2012) The effect of urbanization on energy use in India and China in the iPETS model. Energy Econ 34:S339\u2013S345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eneco.2012.04.004","journal-title":"Energy Econ"},{"key":"243_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2020.103583","volume":"83","author":"M Ozturk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ozturk M, Dincer I (2020) Development of renewable energy system integrated with hydrogen and natural gas subsystems for cleaner combustion. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 83:103583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jngse.2020.103583","journal-title":"J Nat Gas Sci Eng"},{"issue":"446","key":"243_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474156","volume":"94","author":"MH Pesaran","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pesaran MH, Shin Y, Smith RP (1999) Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. J Am Stat Assoc 94(446):621\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474156","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"243_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2013.07.005","volume":"40","author":"B Pfeiffer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pfeiffer B, Mulder P (2013) Explaining the diffusion of renewable energy technology in developing countries. Energy Econ 40:285\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eneco.2013.07.005","journal-title":"Energy Econ"},{"key":"243_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.03.059","volume":"46","author":"P Poumanyvong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Poumanyvong P, Kaneko S, Dhakal S (2012) Impacts of urbanization on national transport and road energy use: evidence from low, middle- and high-income countries. Energy Policy 46:268\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.03.059","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"22","key":"243_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2014.909577","volume":"46","author":"S Rafiq","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rafiq S, Bloch H, Salim R (2014) Determinants of renewable energy adoption in China and India: a comparative analysis. Appl Econ 46(22):2700\u20132710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00036846.2014.909577","journal-title":"Appl Econ"},{"key":"243_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.04.023","volume":"61","author":"GV Rupf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rupf GV, Bahri PA, de Boer K, McHenry MP (2016) Broadening the potential of biogas in Sub-Saharan Africa: an assessment of feasible technologies and feedstocks. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 61:556\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2016.04.023","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"243_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110094","volume":"191","author":"M Salahuddin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salahuddin M, Habib MA, Al-Mulali U, Ozturk I, Marshall M, Ali MI (2020) Renewable energy and environmental quality: a second-generation panel evidence from the Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. Environ Res 191:110094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110094","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"243_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2014.02.008","volume":"38","author":"RA Salim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salim RA, Shafiei S (2014) Urbanization and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in OECD countries: an empirical analysis. Econ Model 38:581\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econmod.2014.02.008","journal-title":"Econ Model"},{"key":"243_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.11.004","volume":"75","author":"G Schwerhoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwerhoff G, Sy M (2017) Financing renewable energy in Africa-Key challenge of the sustainable development goals. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 75:393\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2016.11.004","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"243_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2020.100484","volume":"29","author":"SZ Shah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shah SZ, Chughtai S, Simonetti B (2020) Renewable energy, institutional stability, environment and economic growth nexus of D-8 countries. Energ Strat Rev 29:100484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esr.2020.100484","journal-title":"Energ Strat Rev"},{"key":"243_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.10.050","volume":"40","author":"M Shahbaz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shahbaz M, Lean HH (2012) Does financial development increase energy consumption? The role of industrialization and urbanization in Tunisia. Energy Policy 40:473\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.10.050","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"243_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102138","volume":"57","author":"A Sharif","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharif A, Baris-Tuzemen O, Uzuner G, Ozturk I, Sinha A (2020) Revisiting the role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on Turkey\u2019s ecological footprint: evidence from Quantile ARDL approach. Sustain Cities Soc 57:102138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102138","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"243_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12865","volume":"21","author":"FN Tubiello","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tubiello FN, Salvatore M, Ferrara AF, House J, Federici S, Rossi S, Prosperi P (2015) The contribution of agriculture, forestry and other land use activities to global warming, 1990\u20132012. Glob Change Biol 21(7):2655\u20132660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.12865","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"243_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.18488\/journal.aefr.2020.1010.1100.1114","volume":"10","author":"CT Tugcu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tugcu CT, Menegaki AN, Ozturk I (2020) Renewable vs non-renewable energy consumption as a driver of government deficit in net energy importing countries. Asian Econ Financ Rev 10(10):1100\u20131114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18488\/journal.aefr.2020.1010.1100.1114","journal-title":"Asian Econ Financ Rev"},{"key":"243_CR44","unstructured":"United Nations (2014) Agriculture in Africa. Transformation and outlook. https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/topic\/agriculture. (Accessed 31st March 2020)"}],"container-title":["Energy, Ecology and Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40974-022-00243-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40974-022-00243-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40974-022-00243-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T18:10:41Z","timestamp":1652724641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40974-022-00243-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40974-022-00243-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2363-7692","2363-8338"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2363-7692","type":"print"},{"value":"2363-8338","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"Authors declare that there is no known competing financial interests or personal relationship that could have influenced the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}