{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T13:22:57Z","timestamp":1770729777546,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007689","name":"Universidade de Aveiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007689","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Innov. Infrastruct. Solut."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous destructive earthquakes caused large economic losses as well as human losses. Seismic risk studies are of paramount importance to predict the impact of future earthquakes and support seismic risk mitigation policies. The present study presents a seismic risk assessment based on the cost and direct loss assessment of precast industrial buildings with different retrofitting levels in terms of horizontal strength. In this evaluation, a comparative analysis between the configurations of retrofitted buildings and the original building is performed. The effects of retrofitting solution strategies are first investigated in a single building. Then a study is carried out to assess which retrofit solutions level are most appropriate depending on the exposure and seismic risk. The results showed the use of bracing in the PRC building can improve seismic behaviour, with significant increases in horizontal strength. The cost of intervention is reduced, with a slight increase of less than 1% to almost 2% of the cost of the structure. From the derivation of seismic fragility functions for different retrofitting solutions level, the seismic risk analysis with dozens of existing PRC industrial buildings in Portugal points to a large reduction in economic losses as from retrofitted buildings, like an improvement of the seismic capacity of the buildings attributed to the retrofit systems considered. In general, among the different types of retrofit studied, there is an increase in the reduction of total economic losses, namely 49% when retrofitted with a 50% increase in horizontal strength, 58% when retrofitted with a 75% increase in horizontal strength and 64% for retrofitted with 100%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-024-01786-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T21:23:59Z","timestamp":1731533039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Influence of retrofitting in the seismic behaviour of precast reinforced concrete industrial buildings"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Liana","family":"Ostetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N\u00e1dia","family":"Batalha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1373-4540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1786_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Batalha N, Rodrigues H, Varum H, Ar\u00eade A (2022) Cyclic behaviour of precast beam-to-column connections with low seismic detailing, Earthq. Engng Struct Dyn, no. January, pp. 1\u201319, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eqe.3606","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.3606"},{"issue":"3","key":"1786_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15030618","volume":"15","author":"S Jafari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jafari S, Mahini SS (2023) Enhancement of the Fragility Capacity of RC Frames using FRPs with different configurations at joints. Polym (Basel) 15(3):618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15030618","journal-title":"Polym (Basel)"},{"key":"1786_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cosgun T, Sayin B, Gunes B, Mangir A (2022) Retrofitting technique effectiveness and seismic performance of multi-rise RC buildings: A case study, Case Stud. Constr. Mater., vol. 16, no. February, p. e00931, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscm.2022.e00931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2022.e00931"},{"key":"1786_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-024-01941-w","author":"T Yasin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yasin T, Mehmet A, Ali \u015e (2024) Seismic performance of retrofitted and non \u2013 retrofitted RC school buildings after the February 6th, 2023, Kahramanmara\u015f earthquakes. Bull Earthq Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10518-024-01941-w","journal-title":"Bull Earthq Eng"},{"issue":"53","key":"1786_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.21608\/auej.2019.64241","volume":"14","author":"BH Elharouney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elharouney BH, Hussein A, Mostafa EE-D, Elnemr A (2019) Flexural behavior of prestressed concrete beams strengthened by near surface mounted FRP rods. J Al-Azhar Univ Eng Sect.\u00a014(53):1424\u20131435","journal-title":"J Al-Azhar Univ Eng Sect"},{"key":"1786_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429426506-386","author":"D Khouzam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khouzam D, Hanna N (2019) Comparison between strengthening of Reinforced concrete beams using steel plates and double FRCM layers. No Dec. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9780429426506-386","journal-title":"No Dec"},{"key":"1786_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2013.02.009","volume":"34","author":"L Liberatore","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liberatore L, Sorrentino L, Liberatore D, Decanini LD (2013) Failure of industrial structures induced by the Emilia (Italy) 2012 earthquakes. Eng Fail Anal 34:629\u2013647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2013.02.009","journal-title":"Eng Fail Anal"},{"issue":"2","key":"1786_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1193\/091012EQS285M","volume":"30","author":"G Magliulo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Magliulo G, Ercolino M, Petrone C, Coppola O, Manfredi G (2014) The Emilia earthquake: seismic performance of precast reinforced concrete buildings. Earthq Spectra 30(2):891\u2013912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1193\/091012EQS285M","journal-title":"Earthq Spectra"},{"issue":"1","key":"1786_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-018-0191-y","volume":"4","author":"N Batalha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Batalha N, Rodrigues H, Varum H (2019) Seismic performance of RC precast industrial buildings\u2014learning with the past earthquakes. Innov Infrastruct Solut 4(1):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41062-018-0191-y","journal-title":"Innov Infrastruct Solut"},{"issue":"5","key":"1786_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-013-9466-z","volume":"12","author":"DA Bournas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bournas DA, Negro P, Taucer FF (2014) Performance of industrial buildings during the Emilia earthquakes in Northern Italy and recommendations for their strengthening. Bull Earthq Eng 12(5):2383\u20132404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10518-013-9466-z","journal-title":"Bull Earthq Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"1786_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000617","volume":"29","author":"A Belleri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Belleri A, Brunesi E, Nascimbene R, Pagani M, Riva P (2014) Seismic performance of precast industrial facilities following major earthquakes in the Italian territory. J Perform Constr Facil 29(5):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000617","journal-title":"J Perform Constr Facil"},{"key":"1786_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sousa R, Batalha N, Silva V, Rodrigues H (Nov. 2020) Seismic fragility functions for Portuguese RC precast buildings. Bull Earthq Eng 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10518-020-01007-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-020-01007-7"},{"key":"1786_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ostetto L, Sousa R, Rodrigues H, Fernandes P (Sep. 2021) Assessment of the seismic behavior of a Precast Reinforced concrete Industrial Building with the Presence of Horizontal Cladding panels. Buildings 11(9):400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/BUILDINGS11090400","DOI":"10.3390\/BUILDINGS11090400"},{"key":"1786_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ostetto L, Sousa R, Fernandes P, Rodrigues H (Jun. 2023) Influence and effectiveness of horizontal diaphragms and cladding wall panels on the seismic behaviour of precast RC industrial buildings. Eng Struct 285:116046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ENGSTRUCT.2023.116046","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENGSTRUCT.2023.116046"},{"issue":"9","key":"1786_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-019-00655-8","volume":"17","author":"L Rossi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rossi L, Holtschoppen B, Butenweg C (2019) Official data on the economic consequences of the 2012 Emilia-Romagna earthquake: a first analysis of database SFINGE. Bull Earthq Eng 17(9):4855\u20134884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10518-019-00655-8","journal-title":"Bull Earthq Eng"},{"key":"1786_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sousa R, Silva V, Rodrigues H (May 2022) The importance of indirect losses in the seismic risk assessment of industrial buildings \u2013 an application to precast RC buildings in Portugal. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 74:102949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.IJDRR.2022.102949","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJDRR.2022.102949"},{"key":"1786_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Costa AC, Sousa ML, Carvalho A, Coelho E (Feb. 2010) Evaluation of seismic risk and mitigation strategies for the existing building stock: application of LNECloss to the metropolitan area of Lisbon. Bull Earthq Eng 8(1):119\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10518-009-9160-3\/METRICS","DOI":"10.1007\/S10518-009-9160-3\/METRICS"},{"key":"1786_CR18","unstructured":"Bournas DA, Negro P (1988) Seismic Performance of Mechanical Connections in the SAFECAST Precast Building, vol. 3, no. 2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"1786_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.201100048","volume":"13","author":"E Aurelio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aurelio E, Bellucio E, Debs MKE (2012) Behaviour of grouted dowels used in precast concrete connections. Struct Concr 13(2):84\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/suco.201100048","journal-title":"Struct Concr"},{"key":"1786_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodrigues H, Vitorino H, Batalha N, Sousa R, Fernandes P, Varum H (2021) Influence of Beam-to-column connections in the seismic performance of precast concrete Industrial facilities. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10168664.2021.1920082. doi: 10.1080\/10168664.2021.1920082","DOI":"10.1080\/10168664.2021.1920082"},{"key":"1786_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Silva V, Crowley H, Varum H, Pinho R (2015) Seismic risk assessment for mainland Portugal, Bull. Earthq. Eng., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 429\u2013457, Feb. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10518-014-9630-0\/FIGURES\/16","DOI":"10.1007\/S10518-014-9630-0\/FIGURES\/16"},{"key":"1786_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Batalha N, Rodrigues H, Sousa R, Varum H (2021) Seismic assessment of existing precast RC industrial buildings in Portugal, Structures, vol. 41, no. August pp. 777\u2013786, 2022, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.05.040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.05.040"},{"key":"1786_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McKenna F (Jul. 2011) OpenSees: a framework for earthquake engineering simulation. Comput Sci Eng 13(4):58\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCSE.2011.66","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2011.66"},{"key":"1786_CR24","unstructured":"CEN (2005) Eurocode 8: design of structures for earthquake resistance. Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings. Brussels. Belgium"},{"issue":"3","key":"1786_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1586128","volume":"16","author":"P Fajfar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fajfar P (2000) A nonlinear analysis method for performance based Seismic Design. Earthq Spectra 16(3):573\u2013592","journal-title":"Earthq Spectra"},{"key":"1786_CR26","unstructured":"Mondrag\u00e3o L (2011) Sistemas Industrializados De Bet\u00e3o Armado Para a Constru\u00e7\u00e3o De Armaz\u00e9ns. Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto"},{"key":"1786_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodrigues H, Sousa R, Vitorino H, Batalha N, Varum H, Fernandes P (2020) Characterisation of Portuguese RC Precast Industrial Building Stock. Adv Civ Eng 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/7517205","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7517205"},{"key":"1786_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.09.499","volume":"199","author":"F Cornali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cornali F, Belleri A, Marini A, Riva P (2017) Influence of modelling assumptions in the expected loss evaluation of a precast industrial building. Procedia Eng 199:3510\u20133515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.09.499","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"key":"1786_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Silva V, Crowley H, Pagani M, Monelli D (2014) Development of the OpenQuake engine, the Global Earthquake Model \u2019 s open-source software for seismic risk assessment. Nat Hazards 1409\u20131427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11069-013-0618-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-013-0618-x"},{"key":"1786_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Silva V, Eeri M, Paul N (2021) Potential impact of earthquakes during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Earthq Spectra 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/8755293020950328","DOI":"10.1177\/8755293020950328"},{"key":"1786_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2007.11.002","volume":"28","author":"CS Oliveira","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oliveira CS (2008) Lisbon earthquake scenarios: a review on uncertainties, from earthquake source to vulnerability modelling. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 28:890\u2013913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soildyn.2007.11.002","journal-title":"Soil Dyn Earthq Eng"},{"key":"1786_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2007.07.009","volume":"28","author":"A Carvalho","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carvalho A, Zonno G, Franceschina G, Bil\u00e9 J, Serra, Campos Costa A (2008) Earthquake shaking scenarios for the metropolitan area of Lisbon \u00b4. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 28:347\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soildyn.2007.07.009","journal-title":"Soil Dyn Earthq Eng"},{"key":"1786_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kotha SR, Weatherill G, Bindi D, Cotton F (Jul. 2020) A regionally-adaptable ground-motion model for shallow crustal earthquakes in Europe. Bull Earthq Eng 18(9):4091\u20134125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10518-020-00869-1\/FIGURES\/18","DOI":"10.1007\/S10518-020-00869-1\/FIGURES\/18"},{"key":"1786_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/8755293020919429","volume":"36","author":"H Crowley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Crowley H et al (2020) Exposure model for European seismic risk assessment. Earthq Spectra 36:252\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/8755293020919429","journal-title":"Earthq Spectra"},{"key":"1786_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1193\/020316eqs027m","author":"L Sousa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sousa L, Silva V, Bazzurro P (2017) Earthq Spectra 33(1):63\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1193\/020316eqs027m. Using Open-Access Data in the Development of Exposure Data Sets of Industrial Buildings for Earthquake Risk Modeling"},{"key":"1786_CR36","unstructured":"FEMA (2003) Multi-hazard Loss Estimation Methodology, Earthquake Model, in HAZUS, Federal Emergency Management Agency and National Institute of Buildings Sciences, Washington, DC"},{"key":"1786_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Silva V (2016) Critical Issues in Earthquake Scenario Loss Modeling, Nov. 2016;20(8):1322\u20131341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13632469.2016.1138172","DOI":"10.1080\/13632469.2016.1138172"}],"container-title":["Innovative Infrastructure Solutions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41062-024-01786-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41062-024-01786-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41062-024-01786-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T14:13:49Z","timestamp":1734704029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41062-024-01786-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41062-024-01786-x","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2364-4176","2364-4184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2364-4176","type":"print"},{"value":"2364-4184","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors of this work declare that they have followed to all applicable ethical guidelines and standards in the preparation and submission of this manuscript. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"469"}}