{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:18:26Z","timestamp":1773922706365,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005765","name":"Universidade de Lisboa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cogn Enhanc"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-026-00353-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:06:26Z","timestamp":1773907586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differences in Processing Speed, Attention, and Executive Functions in Rugby and Padel Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Mafalda","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4067-0386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5368-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas Saraiva","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"353_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105541","volume":"126","author":"K Akalp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akalp, K., Ferreira, J. P., Soares, C. M., Ribeiro, M. J., & Teixeira, A. M. (2024). The effects of different types of exercises on cognition in older persons with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 126, Article 105541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105541","journal-title":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acr103","volume":"27","author":"L Alves","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alves, L., Sim\u00f5es, M. R., & Martins, C. (2012). The estimation of premorbid intelligence levels among Portuguese speakers: The Irregular Word Reading Test (TeLPI). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(1), 58\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acr103","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"19\u201320","key":"353_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0609","volume":"41","author":"BL Brett","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brett, B. L., Klein, A., Vazirnia, P., Omidfar, S., Guskiewicz, K., McCrea, M. A., & Meier, T. B. (2024a). White Matter Hyperintensities and Microstructural Alterations in Contact Sport Athletes from Adolescence to Early Midlife. Journal of Neurotrauma, 41(19\u201320), 2307\u20132322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2023.0609","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"key":"353_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brett, B. L., Mikaela, E., Breton, S., Douglas, M. A., Timothy, P. T. B., M.,and, & McCrea, M. A. (2024b). Long-term neurobehavioral and neuroimaging outcomes in athletes with prior concussion(s) and head impact exposure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2024.2442427","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2024.2442427"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acs115","volume":"28","author":"S Cavaco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cavaco, S., Gon\u00e7alves, A., Pinto, C., Almeida, E., Gomes, F., Moreira, I., Fernandes, J., & Teixeira-Pinto, A. (2013). Trail making test: Regression-based norms for the Portuguese population. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(2), 189\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acs115","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2018.1470487","volume":"153","author":"JSY Chan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan, J. S. Y., Guanmin, L., Danxia, L., Kanfeng, D., Jiamin, W., & Yan, J. H. (2019). Special issue \u2013 Therapeutic benefits of physical activity for mood: A systematic review on the effects of exercise intensity, duration, and modality. The Journal of Psychology, 153(1), 102\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223980.2018.1470487","journal-title":"The Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"353_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19073886","volume":"19","author":"F Contreras-Osorio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Contreras-Osorio, F., Guzm\u00e1n-Guzm\u00e1n, I. P., Cerda-Vega, E., Chirosa-R\u00edos, L., Ram\u00edrez-Campillo, R., & Campos-Jara, C. (2022). Effects of the type of sports practice on the executive functions of schoolchildren. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), Article 3886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19073886","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000356","volume":"4","author":"J Cunningham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cunningham, J., Broglio, S., & Wilson, F. (2018). Influence of playing rugby on long-term brain health following retirement: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 4(1), Article e000356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000356","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine"},{"key":"353_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dean, P. J., & Sterr, A. (2013). Long-term effects of mild traumatic brain injury on cognitive performance. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/human-neuroscience\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00030","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00030"},{"issue":"7","key":"353_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2023.06.002","volume":"26","author":"J D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda, J., Garc\u00eda-Calvo, T., Manzano-Rodr\u00edguez, D., L\u00f3pez-Gajardo, M. \u00c1., Parraca, J. A., & Ring, C. (2023). Brain endurance training improves shot speed and accuracy in grassroots padel players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 26(7), 386\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2023.06.002","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"},{"key":"353_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.17398\/2952-2218.2.107","volume":"2","author":"J D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda, J., Ring, C., Manzano-Rodr\u00edguez, D., & Garc\u00eda Calvo, T. (2024). Mental Fatigue and Padel: State-of-the-Art and Beyond. Padel Scientific Journal, 2, 107\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17398\/2952-2218.2.107","journal-title":"Padel Scientific Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"353_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848 LP","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097506","volume":"51","author":"RJ Echemendia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Echemendia, R. J., Meeuwisse, W., McCrory, P., Davis, G. A., Putukian, M., Leddy, J., Makdissi, M., Sullivan, S. J., Broglio, S. P., Raftery, M., Schneider, K., Kissick, J., McCrea, M., Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, J., Sills, A. K., Aubry, M., Engebretsen, L., Loosemore, M., Fuller, G., \u2026 Herring, S. (2017). The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th edition (SCAT5): Background and rationale. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(11), 848 LP \u2013 850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097506","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"353_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031438","author":"C Espino Palma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Espino Palma, C., del Campo, V., & Mu\u00f1oz Mar\u00edn, D. (2023). Visual behaviours of expert padel athletes when playing on court: An in situ approach with a portable eye tracker. Sensors (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23031438","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"353_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00667","author":"RM Fernandes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fernandes, R. M., Correa, M. G., dos Santos, M. A. R., Almeida, A. P. C. P. S. C., Fagundes, N. C. F., Maia, L. C., & Lima, R. R. (2018). The effects of moderate physical exercise on adult cognition: A systematic review. Frontiers in Physiology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2018.00667","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"353_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074395","author":"A Garc\u00eda-Gim\u00e9nez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Gim\u00e9nez, A., de la Fuente, F., Castellar Ot\u00edn, C., & Carrasco P\u00e1ez, L. (2022). Performance outcome measures in padel: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19074395","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390701300524","volume":"30","author":"REA Green","year":"2008","unstructured":"Green, R. E. A., Brenda, M., Bruce, C., Le-Anh, N., Georges, M.,and, & Bradbury, C. (2008). Measuring premorbid IQ in traumatic brain injury: An examination of the validity of the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(2), 163\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390701300524","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"353_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01707","volume":"10","author":"Q Gu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gu, Q., Zou, L., Loprinzi, P. D., Quan, M., & Huang, T. (2019). Effects of open versus closed skill exercise on cognitive function: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01707","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"353_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1284063","author":"J Guijarro-Herencia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guijarro-Herencia, J., Mainer-Pardos, E., Gadea-Uribarri, H., Roso-Moliner, A., & Lozano, D. (2023). Conditional performance factors in padel players: A mini review. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2023.1284063","journal-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living"},{"key":"353_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Bailes, J., McCrea, M., Cantu, R. C., Randolph, C., & Jordan, B. D. (2005). Association between Recurrent Concussion and Late-Life Cognitive Impairment in Retired Professional Football Players. Neurosurgery, 57(4). https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/neurosurgery\/fulltext\/2005\/10000\/association_between_recurrent_concussion_and.12.aspx","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000175725.75780.DD"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2023.2289552","volume":"22","author":"A Guti\u00e9rrez-Capote","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Capote, A., Jim\u00e9nez-Mart\u00ednez, J., Madinabeitia, I., de Orbe-Moreno, M., Pesce, C., & C\u00e1rdenas, D. (2024). Sport as cognition enhancer from childhood to young adulthood: A systematic review focused on sport modality. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22(2), 395\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197X.2023.2289552","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology"},{"key":"353_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2024.03082","volume":"24","author":"J Haryanto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haryanto, J., Malagoli Lanzoni, I., Nikolakakis, A., Drenowatz, C., Edmizal, E., Apriyano, B., Padli, P., Milovanovi\u0107, M., Novotn\u00e1, T., & Becerra-Pati\u00f1o, B. A. (2024). Exploring cognitive processing speed, emotional intelligence, and topspin shot accuracy in table tennis. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 24, 695\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7752\/jpes.2024.03082","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education and Sport"},{"issue":"23","key":"353_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1794763","volume":"38","author":"BF Haverkamp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haverkamp, B. F., Rikstje, W., Karen, V., van Hanneke, E., Jaap, O.,and, & Hartman, E. (2020). Effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive outcomes and academic performance in adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(23), 2637\u20132660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2020.1794763","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"key":"353_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillman, C. H., Logan, N. E., & Shigeta, T. T. (2019). A Review of Acute Physical Activity Effects on Brain and Cognition in Children. Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, 4(17). https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/acsm-tj\/fulltext\/2019\/09010\/a_review_of_acute_physical_activity_effects_on.3.aspx","DOI":"10.1249\/TJX.0000000000000101"},{"issue":"6","key":"353_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0608-8","volume":"47","author":"PA Hume","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hume, P. A., Theadom, A., Lewis, G. N., Quarrie, K. L., Brown, S. R., Hill, R., & Marshall, S. W. (2017). A Comparison of Cognitive Function in Former Rugby Union Players Compared with Former Non-Contact-Sport Players and the Impact of Concussion History. Sports Medicine, 47(6), 1209\u20131220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0608-8","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"353_CR25","unstructured":"IBM Corp. (2025). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (30.0). IBM Corp."},{"key":"353_CR26","first-page":"57","volume":"30","author":"LA Keeler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keeler, L. A. (2007). The differences in sport aggression, life aggression, and life assertion among adult male and female collision, contact, and non-contact sport athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 30, 57. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:142903966","journal-title":"Journal of Sport Behavior"},{"key":"353_CR27","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. In Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. (pp. xiv, 354\u2013xiv, 354). Guilford Press."},{"key":"353_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, M., Gaudreau, J., & Logan, N. E. (2025). Benefits of After-School Sports: A Global Analysis of Pediatric Physical Health and Cognitive Function. Exercise Sport and Movement, 3(1). https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/acsm-esm\/fulltext\/2025\/01000\/benefits_of_after_school_sports__a_global_analysis.2.aspx","DOI":"10.1249\/ESM.0000000000000032"},{"issue":"3","key":"353_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2020.1824119","volume":"11","author":"BJ Lovett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lovett, B. J., Allyson G., H., & Armstrong, I. T. (2022). Processing speed and timed academic skills in children with learning problems. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 11(3), 320\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21622965.2020.1824119","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child"},{"key":"353_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091766","author":"R Maeneja","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maeneja, R., Ferreira, I. S., Silva, C. R., & Abreu, A. M. (2022). Cognitive benefits of exercise: Is there a time-of-day effect? Healthcare (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare10091766","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"353_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1258262","author":"R Maeneja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maeneja, R., Silva, C. R., Ferreira, I. S., & Abreu, A. M. (2023). Aerobic physical exercise versus dual-task cognitive walking in cognitive rehabilitation of people with stroke: A randomized clinical trial. Frontiers in Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1258262","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000535272","volume":"42","author":"R Maeneja","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maeneja, R., Ferreira, I. S., & Abreu, A. M. (2024). Duration and efficiency of combined versus isolated aerobic training interventions in post-stroke cognition: A systematic review. Portuguese Journal of Public Health, 42(1), 43\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000535272","journal-title":"Portuguese Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"353_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00509","author":"L Mandolesi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mandolesi, L., Polverino, A., Montuori, S., Foti, F., Ferraioli, G., Sorrentino, P., & Sorrentino, G. (2018). Effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning and wellbeing: Biological and psychological benefits. Frontiers in Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00509","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"353_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/168640","volume":"89","author":"I Mart\u00edn-Miguel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Miguel, I., Escudero-Tena, A., Mu\u00f1oz, D., & S\u00e1nchez-Alcaraz, B. J. (2023). Performance analysis in Padel: A systematic review. Journal of Human Kinetics, 89, 213\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/jhk\/168640","journal-title":"Journal of Human Kinetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-020-00663-1","volume":"17","author":"L Millard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Millard, L., Shaw, I., Breukelman, G. J., & Shaw, B. S. (2021). Visio-spatial skills in athletes: Comparison of rugby players and non-athletes. Sport Sciences for Health, 17(1), 137\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11332-020-00663-1","journal-title":"Sport Sciences for Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.51329\/mehdiophthal1469","volume":"12","author":"L Millard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Millard, L., Breukelman, G. J., Burger, T., Nortje, J., & Schulz, J. (2023). Visual skills essential for rugby. Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation Ophthalmology Journal, 12(1), 46\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51329\/mehdiophthal1469","journal-title":"Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation Ophthalmology Journal"},{"key":"353_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, B. T., & Clapp, W. C. (2011). From Vision to Decision: The Role of Visual Attention in Elite Sports Performance. Eye & Contact Lens, 37(3). https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/claojournal\/fulltext\/2011\/05000\/from_vision_to_decision__the_role_of_visual.6.aspx","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3182190b7f"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2025.139856","volume":"42","author":"R Miralles","year":"2025","unstructured":"Miralles, R., Mart\u00ednez-Gallego, R., Guzm\u00e1n, J., & Ram\u00f3n-Llin, J. (2025). Movement patterns and player load: Insights from professional padel. Biology of Sport, 42(1), 163\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/biolsport.2025.139856","journal-title":"Biology of Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4413","volume":"34","author":"PH Montenigro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montenigro, P. H., Alosco, M. L., Martin, B. M., Daneshvar, D. H., Mez, J., Chaisson, C. E., Nowinski, C. J., Au, R., McKee, A. C., Cantu, R. C., McClean, M. D., Stern, R. A., & Tripodis, Y. (2017). Cumulative head impact exposure predicts later-life depression, apathy, executive dysfunction, and cognitive impairment in former high school and college football players. Journal of Neurotrauma, 34(2), 328\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2016.4413","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"353_CR40","first-page":"307","volume":"22","author":"V Nougier","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nougier, V., Stein, J.-F., & Bonnel, A.-M. (1991). Information processing in sport and \u201corienting of attention.\u201d International Journal of Sport Psychology, 22(3\u20134), 307\u2013327.","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport Psychology"},{"key":"353_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127098","author":"M Ntikas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ntikas, M., Binkofski, F., Shah, N. J., & Ietswaart, M. (2022). Repeated sub-concussive impacts and the negative effects of contact sports on cognition and brain integrity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19127098","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5507\/ag.2018.011","volume":"48","author":"P Pacesova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pacesova, P., Smela, P., Kracek, S., Kukurova, K., & Plevkova, L. (2018). Cognitive function of young male tennis players and non-athletes. Acta Gymnica, 48(2), 56\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5507\/ag.2018.011","journal-title":"Acta Gymnica"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000952","volume":"6","author":"A Prien","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prien, A., Feddermann-Demont, N., Verhagen, E., Twisk, J., & Junge, A. (2020). Neurocognitive performance and mental health of retired female football players compared to non-contact sport athletes. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 6(1), Article e000952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000952","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine"},{"key":"353_CR44","unstructured":"Reitan, R., & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: Theory and clinical interpretation (2nd ed.). Neuropsychology."},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0080","volume":"121","author":"S Rice","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rice, S.,AAPCSMF (2008). Medical Conditions Affecting Sports Participation. Pediatrics, 121(4), 841\u2013848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2008-0080","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"353_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029694","volume":"8","author":"GN Ruegsegger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruegsegger, G. N., & Booth, F. W. (2018). Health benefits of exercise. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 8(7), Article a029694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a029694","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"353_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3526","volume":"33","author":"H-E Scharfen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scharfen, H.-E., & Memmert, D. (2019). Measurement of cognitive functions in experts and elite athletes: A meta-analytic review. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(5), 843\u2013860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acp.3526","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"353_CR48","unstructured":"Sherwood, S. (2020). Investigating on-field decision making in rugby union [Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy, University of Waikato]. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10289\/13402"},{"key":"353_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shuttleworth-Edwards, A. B., Smith, I., & Radloff, S. E. (2008). Neurocognitive vulnerability amongst university rugby players versus noncontact sport controls. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(8), 870\u2013884 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390701846914","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390701846914"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/act061","volume":"29","author":"AB Shuttleworth-Edwards","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shuttleworth-Edwards, A. B., Radloff, S. E., Whitefield-Alexander, V. J., Smith, I. P., & Horsman, M. (2014). Practice effects reveal visuomotor vulnerability in school and University rugby players\u2020. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29(1), 86\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/act061","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"353_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300750004078","volume":"43","author":"RN Singer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Singer, R. N. (2000). Performance and human factors: Considerations about cognition and attention for self-paced and externally-paced events. Ergonomics, 43(10), 1661\u20131680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/001401300750004078","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"353_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101289","author":"NS Srinivas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Srinivas, N. S., Vimalan, V., Padmanabhan, P., & Guly\u00e1s, B. (2021). An overview on cognitive function enhancement through physical exercises. Brain Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11101289","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"353_CR52","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using Multivariate Statistics (7th ed.). Pearson."},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2015.1052813","volume":"5","author":"WT Tsushima","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsushima, W. T., Olga, G., Monica, A., & Oshiro, R. (2016). Are there subconcussive neuropsychological effects in youth sports? An exploratory study of high- and low-contact sports. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 5(2), 149\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21622965.2015.1052813","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"353_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2018.1427095","volume":"8","author":"WT Tsushima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsushima, W. T., Hyeong Jun, A., Andrea M., S., Kara, Y., So Yung, C., & Murata, N. M. (2019). Effects of repetitive subconcussive head trauma on the neuropsychological test performance of high school athletes: A comparison of high, moderate, and low contact sports. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 8(3), 223\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21622965.2018.1427095","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055773","volume":"8","author":"C-H Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, C.-H., Chang, C.-C., Liang, Y.-M., Shih, C.-M., Chiu, W.-S., Tseng, P., Hung, D. L., Tzeng, O. J. L., Muggleton, N. G., & Juan, C.-H. (2013). Open vs. closed skill sports and the modulation of inhibitory control. PLoS One, 8(2), Article e55773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0055773","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"353_CR56","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (2008). WAIS-III: Escala de Intelig\u00eancia de Wechsler para Adultos (3rd ed.). Cegoc-Tea."},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/0081246319826816","volume":"50","author":"D Zoccola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zoccola, D., Shuttleworth-Edwards, A., & Radloff, S. (2019). Signs of cognitive dysfunction in adult players of club level rugby. South African Journal of Psychology, 50(1), 128\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0081246319826816","journal-title":"South African Journal of Psychology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Enhancement"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41465-026-00353-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41465-026-00353-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41465-026-00353-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:06:41Z","timestamp":1773907601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41465-026-00353-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41465-026-00353-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-3290","2509-3304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-3290","type":"print"},{"value":"2509-3304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}