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Studies published in the English language within the last 12 years were selected regarding the objective of this study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Previous studies reported a percentage decrease of\u00a0<jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> at\u00a0around 99% using an association between Er:YAG or Er,Cr:YSGG laser at 0.5 W and 2.5% NaOCl. Er:YAG laser-assisted irrigation at 0.9 and 1 W showed similar outcomes when compared to ultrasonic activation but revealed slightly higher amount\u00a0removal of remnant intraradicular debris. Er:YAG or Er,Cr:YSGG laser showed a higher smear layer removal and bacteria eradication compared to solely passive ultrasonic activation although other types of lasers were lesser effective than the ultrasonic activation. Er,Cr:YSGG laser at 0.25 to 1.25 W in association with NaOCl was as effective as ultrasonic activation on the eradication of <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> and multispecies biofilms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers revealed significant bacteria eradication and smear layer removal from tooth root canals. Additionally, energy, irradiance, and mode of laser-assisted irradiation can be improved to achieve optimum results, considering different remnant tooth structures and anatomic variables. The combination of ultrasonic irrigation and laser-assisted irradiation may provide full bacteria eradication and removal of the contaminated smear layer, avoiding further bacteria-infection issues.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41547-023-00194-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T04:02:19Z","timestamp":1689912139000},"page":"167-193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Smear layer removal and bacteria eradication from tooth root canals by Erbium lasers irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Alexia","family":"Blakim\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Filipe S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Teughels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mutlu","family":"\u00d6zcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7999-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falio C. 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