{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T18:39:53Z","timestamp":1775673593681,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN Appl. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The city of Essaouira is located along the north-west coast of Morocco, where groundwater is the main source of drinking, domestic and agricultural water. In recent decades, the salinity of groundwater has increased, which is why geochemical techniques and environmental isotopes have been used to determine the main sources of groundwater recharge and salinization. The hydrochemical study shows that for the years 1995, 2007, 2016 and 2019, the chemical composition of groundwater in the study area consists of HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2013Ca\u2013Mg, Cl\u2013Ca\u2013Mg, SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2013Ca and Cl\u2013Na chemical facies. The results show that from 1995 to 2019, electrical conductivity increased and that could be explained by a decrease in annual rainfall in relation to climate change and water\u2013rock interaction processes. Geochemical and environmental isotope data show that the main geochemical mechanisms controlling the hydrochemical evolution of groundwater in the Cenomanian\u2013Turonian aquifer are the water\u2013rock interaction and the cation exchange process. The diagram of \u03b4<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>H\u2009=\u20098 * \u03b4<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>O\u2009+\u200910 shows that the isotopic contents are close or above to the Global Meteoric Water Line, which suggests that the aquifer is recharged by precipitation of Atlantic origin. In conclusion, groundwater withdrawal should be well controlled to prevent groundwater salinization and further intrusion of seawater due to the lack of annual groundwater recharge in the Essaouira region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-021-04623-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T20:02:30Z","timestamp":1623441750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Geochemical and isotopic evidence of groundwater salinization processes in the Essaouira region, north-west coast, Morocco"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2397-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otman","family":"EL Mountassir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Driss","family":"Ouazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdelghani","family":"Chehbouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula M.","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"4623_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s41207-018-0067-8","volume":"3","author":"Y Hamed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hamed Y, Hadji R, Redhaounia B, Zighmi K, B\u00e2ali F, El Gayar A (2018) Climate impact on surface and groundwater in North Africa: a global synthesis of findings and recommendations. Euro-Mediterr J Environ Integr 3:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41207-018-0067-8","journal-title":"Euro-Mediterr J Environ Integr"},{"key":"4623_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2013.12.012","volume":"41","author":"PM Carreira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carreira PM, Marques JM, Nunes D (2014) Source of groundwater salinity in coastline aquifers based on environmental isotopes (Portugal): natural vs. human interference. A Rev Reinterpret Appl Geochem 41:163\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2013.12.012","journal-title":"A Rev Reinterpret Appl Geochem"},{"key":"4623_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s11631-019-00329-x","volume":"38","author":"O Bouteraa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bouteraa O, Mebarki A, Bouaicha F, Nouaceur Z, Laignel B (2019) Groundwater quality assessment using multivariate analysis, geostatistical modeling, and water quality index (WQI): a case of study in the Boumerzoug-El Khroub valley of Northeast Algeria. Acta Geochim 38:796\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11631-019-00329-x","journal-title":"Acta Geochim"},{"key":"4623_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13146-020-00564-x","volume":"35","author":"M Bahir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bahir M, Ouhamdouch S, Ouazar D, Chehbouni A (2020) Assessment of groundwater quality from semi-arid area for drinking purpose using statistical, water quality index (WQI) and GIS technique. Carbonates Evaporites 35:1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13146-020-00564-x","journal-title":"Carbonates Evaporites"},{"key":"4623_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59320-9_49","volume-title":"Advances in geoethics and groundwater management: theory and practice for a sustainable development. Advances in science, technology and innovation (IEREK interdisciplinary series for sustainable development)","author":"O El Mountassir","year":"2021","unstructured":"El Mountassir O, Bahir M, Ouazar D, Carreira PM (2021) Nitrate pollution in groundwater of the Ouazi Basin: case of Essaouira (Southwestern Morocco). In: Abrunhosa M, Chambel A, Peppoloni S, Chamin\u00e9 HI (eds) Advances in geoethics and groundwater management: theory and practice for a sustainable development. Advances in science, technology and innovation (IEREK interdisciplinary series for sustainable development). Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-59320-9_49"},{"key":"4623_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59320-9_42","volume-title":"Advances in geoethics and groundwater management: theory and practice for a sustainable development. Advances in science, technology and innovation (IEREK interdisciplinary series for sustainable development)","author":"O El Mountassir","year":"2021","unstructured":"El Mountassir O, Bahir M, Ouazar D, Carreira PM (2021) For a better understanding of recharge and salinization mechanism of a Cenomanian\u2013Turonian aquifer. In: Abrunhosa M, Chambel A, Peppoloni S, Chamin\u00e9 HI (eds) Advances in geoethics and groundwater management: theory and practice for a sustainable development. Advances in science, technology and innovation (IEREK interdisciplinary series for sustainable development). Springer, Cham . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-59320-9_42"},{"key":"4623_CR7","first-page":"265","volume":"50","author":"WM Edmunds","year":"2003","unstructured":"Edmunds WM (2003) Renewable and non-renewable groundwater in semi-arid and arid regions. Dev Water Sci 50:265\u2013280","journal-title":"Dev Water Sci"},{"key":"4623_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.08.023","volume":"323","author":"DA Bennetts","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bennetts DA, Webb JA, Stone DJM, Hill DM (2006) Understanding the salinization process for groundwater in an area of south-eastern Australia, using hydrochemical and isotopic evidence. J Hydrol 323:178\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.08.023","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"4623_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-2653-z","volume":"2","author":"O El Mountassir","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Mountassir O, Bahir M, Ouazar D, Ouhamdouch S, Chehbouni A, Ouarani M (2020) The use of GIS and water quality index to assess groundwater quality of krimat aquifer (Essaouira; Morocco). SN Appl Sci 2:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42452-020-2653-z","journal-title":"SN Appl Sci"},{"key":"4623_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.3390\/w12113202","volume":"12","author":"M Ouarani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ouarani M, Bahir M, Mulla DJ, Ouazar D, Chehbouni A, Dhiba D, Ouhamdouch S, El Mountassir O (2020) Groundwater quality characterization in an overallocated semi-arid coastal area using an integrated approach: case of the Essaouira Basin, Morocco. Water 12:3202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w12113202","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"4623_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-1561-6","volume":"1","author":"T Kandu\u010d","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kandu\u010d T, \u0160lejkovec Z, Vre\u010da P, Samard\u017eija Z, Verbov\u0161ek T, Bo\u017ei\u010d D, Jamnikar S, Solomon DK, Fernandez DP, Eastoe C, McIntosh J (2019) The effect of geochemical processes on groundwater in the Velenje coal basin, Slovenia: insights from mineralogy, trace elements and isotopes signatures. SN Appl Sci 1:1518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42452-019-1561-6","journal-title":"SN Appl Sci"},{"key":"4623_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2016.05.031","volume":"121","author":"MA Eissa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eissa MA, Mahmoud HH, Shouakar-Stash O, El-Shiekh A, Parker B (2016) Geophysical and geochemical studies to delineate seawater intrusion in Bagoush area, Northwestern coast. Egypt J Afr Earth Sci 121:365\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2016.05.031","journal-title":"Egypt J Afr Earth Sci"},{"key":"4623_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13146-020-00576-7","volume":"35","author":"M Bahir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bahir M, Ouhamdouch S (2020) Groundwater quality in semi-arid environments (Essaouira Basin, Morocco). Carbonates Evaporites 35:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13146-020-00576-7","journal-title":"Carbonates Evaporites"},{"key":"4623_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-016-5124-7","volume":"188","author":"I Hassen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hassen I, Hamzaoui-Azaza F, Bouhlila R (2016) Application of multivariate statistical analysis and hydrochemical and isotopic investigations for evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agriculture purposes: case of Oum Ali-Thelepte aquifer, central Tunisia. Environ Monit Assess 188:135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-016-5124-7","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"4623_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2013.02.004","volume":"83","author":"Y Hamed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hamed Y, Dhahri F (2013) Hydro-geochemical and isotopic composition of groundwater, with emphasis on sources of salinity, in the aquifer system in Northwestern Tunisia. J Afr Earth Sci 83:10\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2013.02.004","journal-title":"J Afr Earth Sci"},{"key":"4623_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2014.07.012","volume":"100","author":"Y Hamed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hamed Y, Ahmadi R, Demdoum A, Bouri S, Gargouri I, Dhia HB, Al-Gamal S, Laouar R, Choura A (2014) Use of geochemical, isotopic, and age tracer data to develop models of groundwater flow: a case study of Gafsa mining basin-Southern Tunisia. J Afr Earth Sci 100:418\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2014.07.012","journal-title":"J Afr Earth Sci"},{"key":"4623_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-019-8349-2","volume":"78","author":"M Bahir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bahir M, Ouazar D, Goumih A, Ouhamdouch S (2019) Evolution of the chemical and isotopic composition of groundwater under a semi-arid climate; the case of the Cenomano-Turonian aquifer within the Essaouira basin (Morocco). Environ Earth Sci 78:353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12665-019-8349-2","journal-title":"Environ Earth Sci"},{"key":"4623_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6647","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4664-4","volume":"74","author":"H Jassas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jassas H, Merkel B (2015) Assessment of hydrochemical evolution of groundwater and its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes in Al-Khazir Gomal Basin, Northern Iraq. Enviro Earth Sci 74:6647\u20136663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12665-015-4664-4","journal-title":"Enviro Earth Sci"},{"key":"4623_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.11.193","volume":"219","author":"S Bouaroudj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bouaroudj S, Menad A, Bounamous A, Ali-Khodja H, Gherib A, Weigel DE, Chenchouni H (2019) Assessment of water quality at the largest dam in Algeria (Beni Haroun Dam) and effects of irrigation on soil characteristics of agricultural lands. Chemosphere 219:76\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.11.193","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"4623_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s11631-019-00324-2","volume":"38","author":"F Bouaicha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bouaicha F, Dib H, Bouteraa O, Manchar N, Boufaa K, Chabour N, Demdoum A (2019) Geochemical assessment, mixing behavior and environmental impact of thermal waters in the Guelma geothermal system, Algeria. Acta Geochim 38:683\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11631-019-00324-2","journal-title":"Acta Geochim"},{"key":"4623_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1071\/MF18319","volume":"70","author":"M Bahir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bahir M, Ouazar D, Ouhamdouch S (2019) Hydrogeochemical investigation and groundwater quality in Essaouira region, Morocco. Mar Freshwater Res 70:1317\u20131332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/MF18319","journal-title":"Mar Freshwater Res"},{"key":"4623_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2020.100380","volume":"10","author":"M Bahir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bahir M, Ouhamdouch S, Ouazar D, El Mo\u00e7ayd N (2020) Climate change effect on groundwater characteristics within semi-arid zones from western Morocco. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gsd.2020.100380","journal-title":"Groundw Sustain Dev"},{"key":"4623_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59320-9_51","volume-title":"Advances in geoethics and groundwater management: theory and practice for a sustainable development. Advances in science, technology and innovation (IEREK interdisciplinary series for sustainable development)","author":"M Bahir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bahir M, El Mountassir O, Ouazar D, Carreira PM (2021) Use of WQI and isotopes to assess groundwater quality of coastal aquifers (Essaouira, Morocco). In: Abrunhosa M, Chambel A, Peppoloni S, Chamin\u00e9 HI (eds) Advances in geoethics and groundwater management: theory and practice for a sustainable development. Advances in science, technology and innovation (IEREK interdisciplinary series for sustainable development). Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-59320-9_51"},{"key":"4623_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59320-9_50","volume-title":"Advances in geoethics and groundwater management : theory and practice for a sustainable development. Advances in science, technology and innovation (IEREK interdisciplinary series for sustainable development)","author":"M Bahir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bahir M, El Mountassir O, Ouazar D, Carreira PM (2021) Hydrochemical analysis and evaluation of groundwater quality in Ouazi Basin (Essaouira, Morocco). In: Abrunhosa M, Chambel A, Peppoloni S, Chamin\u00e9 HI (eds) Advances in geoethics and groundwater management\u202f: theory and practice for a sustainable development. Advances in science, technology and innovation (IEREK interdisciplinary series for sustainable development). Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-59320-9_50"},{"key":"4623_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.01.006","volume":"328","author":"Y Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang Y, Guo Q (2006) Strontium isotope characterization and major iongeochemistry of karst water flow, Shentou, northern China. J Hydrol 328:592\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.01.006","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"4623_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-8123.2001.00009.x","volume":"1","author":"J Casanova","year":"2001","unstructured":"Casanova J, Negrel PH, Kloppmann W, Aranyossy JF (2001) Origin of deep saline groundwaters in the Vienne granitoids (France). Geofluids 1:91\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1468-8123.2001.00009.x","journal-title":"Geofluids"},{"key":"4623_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(02)00160-2","volume":"192","author":"L Aquilina","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aquilina L, Ladouche B, Doerfliger N, Seidel JL, Bakalowicz M, Dupuy C, LeStrat P (2002) Origin, evolution and residence time of saline thermal fluids (Balaruc springs, southern France): Implications for fluid transfer across the continental shelf. Chem Geol 192:1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0009-2541(02)00160-2","journal-title":"Chem Geol"},{"key":"4623_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3989\/egeol.08641433","volume":"64","author":"M Bahir","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bahir M, Carreira P, Da Silva MO, Fernandes P (2007) Caract\u00e9risation hydrodynamique, hydrochimique et isotopique du syst\u00e8me aquif\u00e8re de Kourimat (Bassin d\u2019Essaouira, Maroc). Estud Geol 64:61\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3989\/egeol.08641433","journal-title":"Estud Geol"},{"key":"4623_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3989\/egeol.00563-4150","volume":"56","author":"M Bahir","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bahir M, Mennani A, Jalal M, Youbi N (2000) Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude des ressources hydriques du bassin synclinal d\u2019Essaouira (Maroc). Estud Geol 56:185\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3989\/egeol.00563-4150","journal-title":"Estud Geol"},{"key":"4623_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-004-1012-5","volume":"46","author":"N Rajmohan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rajmohan N, Elango L (2004) Identification and evolution of hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment in an area of the Palar and Cheyyar River Basins, Southern India. Environ Geol 46:47\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00254-004-1012-5","journal-title":"Environ Geol"},{"key":"4623_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1029\/TR025i006p00914","volume":"25","author":"AM Piper","year":"1944","unstructured":"Piper AM (1944) A graphical interpretation of water analysis. Trans Am Geophys Union 25:914\u2013928","journal-title":"Trans Am Geophys Union"},{"key":"4623_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s100400050102","volume":"5","author":"RS Fisher","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fisher RS, Mullican WF (1997) Hydrochemical evolution of sodium-sulphate and sodium-chloride groundwater beneath the Northern Chihuahuan desert, Trans-Pecos, Texas, USA. Hydrogeol J 5:4\u201316","journal-title":"Hydrogeol J"},{"key":"4623_CR33","first-page":"1653","volume":"33","author":"SP Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh SP, Tripathi SK, Kumar V, Kumar A, Raha P (2015) Hydrochemical investigation and groundwater quality evaluation for irrigation purpose in some blocks of Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int J Trop Agric 33:1653\u20131660","journal-title":"Int J Trop Agric"},{"key":"4623_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120664","volume":"257","author":"G Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu G, Wu X, Ge J, Liu F, Zhao W, Wu C (2020) Influence of mining activities on groundwater hydrochemistry and heavy metal migration using a self-organizing map (SOM). J Clean Prod 257:120\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120664","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"4623_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1126\/science.170.3962.1088","volume":"170","author":"RJ Gibbs","year":"1970","unstructured":"Gibbs RJ (1970) Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science 170:1088\u20131090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.170.3962.1088","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4623_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2018.1546550","volume":"25","author":"N Adimalla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adimalla N, Wu J (2019) Groundwater quality and associated health risks in a semiarid region of south India: implication to sustainable groundwater management. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25:191\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10807039.2018.1546550","journal-title":"Hum Ecol Risk Assess"},{"key":"4623_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2020.100334","volume":"10","author":"N Adimalla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adimalla N, Dhakate R, Kasarla A, Taloor AK (2020) Appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in Central Telangana, India. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gsd.2020.100334","journal-title":"Groundw Sustain Dev"},{"key":"4623_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1126\/science.133.3467.1833","volume":"133","author":"H Craig","year":"1961","unstructured":"Craig H (1961) Standard for reporting concentrations of deuterium and oxygen-18 in natural waters. Science 133:1833\u20131834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.133.3467.1833","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4623_CR39","unstructured":"Mennani A (2001) Apport de l\u2019hydrochimie et de l\u2019isotopie \u00e0 la connaissance du fonctionnement des aquif\u00e8res de la zone c\u00f4ti\u00e8re d\u2019Essaouira (Maroc Occidental). PhD thesis, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco"},{"key":"4623_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-021-06540-6","volume":"14","author":"O El Mountassir","year":"2021","unstructured":"El Mountassir O, Ouazar D, Bahir M, Chehbouni A, Carreira PM (2021) GIS-based assessment of aquifer vulnerability using DRASTIC model and stable isotope: a case study on Essaouira basin. Arab J Geosci 14:321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12517-021-06540-6","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"key":"4623_CR41","volume-title":"Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology","author":"ID Clark","year":"1997","unstructured":"Clark ID, Frjtz P (1997) Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology. Lewis Publishers, New York"},{"key":"4623_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.02.022","volume":"385","author":"MJ Currell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Currell MJ, Cartwright I, Bradley DC, Han DM (2010) Recharge history and controls on groundwater quality in the Yuncheng Basin, north China. J Hydrol 385:216\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.02.022","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"4623_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-018-1830-2","volume":"26","author":"S Foster","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foster S, Pulido-Bosch A, Vallejos \u00c1, Molina L, Llop A, MacDonald AM (2018) Impact of irrigated agriculture on groundwater-recharge salinity: a major sustainability concern in semi-arid regions. Hydrogeol J 26:2781\u20132791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10040-018-1830-2","journal-title":"Hydrogeol J"},{"key":"4623_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2020.104077","volume":"174","author":"S Kamal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamal S, Sefiani S, Laftouhi NE, El Mandour A, Moustadraf J, Elgettafi M, Himi M, Casas A (2021) Hydrochemical and isotopic assessment for characterizing groundwater quality and recharge processes under a semi-arid area: case of the Haouz plain aquifer (Central Morocco). J Afr Earth Sci 174:104077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2020.104077","journal-title":"J Afr Earth Sci"}],"container-title":["SN Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42452-021-04623-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42452-021-04623-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42452-021-04623-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T20:15:33Z","timestamp":1623442533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42452-021-04623-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["4623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42452-021-04623-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2523-3963","2523-3971"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2523-3963","type":"print"},{"value":"2523-3971","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"698"}}