{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T06:39:13Z","timestamp":1770359953817,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds by FCT - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. of SCI. IN SPORT AND EXERCISE"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s42978-025-00367-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T15:44:59Z","timestamp":1770306299000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of Exercise Intensity in Water Aerobics: Improving Health Markers in Adults and Older Adults\u2014A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06529354","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1495-9039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds B.","family":"Fa\u00edl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2351-3047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-8590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana M.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0145-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana R.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6653-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo L.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5812-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio C.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9283-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique P.","family":"Neiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"367_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1590\/s1517-86922004000100003","volume":"10","author":"RV Alves","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alves RV, Mota J, Da Cunha Costa M, Bezerra Alves JG. Physical fitness and elderly health effects of hydrogymnastics. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2004;10(1):31\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1517-86922004000100003.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med Esporte"},{"key":"367_CR2","unstructured":"American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM\u2019s health-related physical fitness assessment manual. 9th ed. Indianapolis: LWW Wolters Kluwer."},{"issue":"11","key":"367_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2017-0036","volume":"14","author":"C Ay\u00e1n","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ay\u00e1n C, Carvalho P, Varela S, Cancela JM. Effects of water-based exercise training on the cognitive function and quality of life of healthy adult women. J Phys Act Health. 2017;14(11):899\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.2017-0036.","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"367_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b296fd","volume":"24","author":"TM Barbosa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barbosa TM, Sousa VF, Silva AJ, Reis VM, Marinho DA, Bragada JA. Effects of musical cadence in the acute physiologic adaptations to head-out aquatic exercises. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(1):244\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b296fd.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"367_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-3980-9","volume":"28","author":"C Beaudart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beaudart C, Dawson A, Shaw SC, Harvey NC, Kanis JA, Binkley N. Nutrition and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia: systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1817\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-017-3980-9.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"367_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1519\/14703.1","volume":"18","author":"P Benelli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benelli P, Ditroilo M, De Vito G. Physiological responses to fitness activities: a comparison between land-based and water aerobics exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(4):719\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/14703.1.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"367_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2014.981629","volume":"86","author":"M Bergamin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bergamin M, Ermolao A, Matten S, Sieverdes JC, Zaccaria M. Metabolic and cardiovascular responses during aquatic exercise in water at different temperatures in older adults. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2014;86(2):163\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.2014.981629.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"367_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0237-2","volume":"98","author":"G Broman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Broman G, Quintana M, Lindberg T, Jansson E, Kaijser L. High intensity deep water training can improve aerobic power in elderly women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;98(2):117\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-006-0237-2.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"367_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1991.10608716","volume":"62","author":"NK Butts","year":"1991","unstructured":"Butts NK, Tucker M, Smith R. Maximal responses to treadmill and deep water running in high school female cross country runners. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1991;62(2):236\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.1991.10608716.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"367_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19020","volume":"13","author":"IB Cheikh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheikh IB, Marzouki H, Selmi O, Cherni B, Bouray S, Bouhlel E, Bouassida A, Knechtle B, Chen YS. Effect of water-based aerobic training on anthropometric, biochemical, cardiovascular, and explosive strength parameters in young overweight and obese women: a randomized controlled trial. PeerJ. 2025;13:e19020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.19020.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"367_CR11","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Mahwah: Erlbaum; 1988.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"2","key":"367_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31818eff5d","volume":"23","author":"JC Colado","year":"2009","unstructured":"Colado JC, Tella V, Triplett NT, Gonz\u00e1lez LM. Effects of a short-term aquatic resistance program on strength and body composition in fit young men. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(2):549\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31818eff5d.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"367_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-0996-7","volume":"106","author":"JC Colado","year":"2009","unstructured":"Colado JC, Triplett NT, Tella V, Saucedo P, Abell\u00e1n J. Effects of aquatic resistance training on health and fitness in postmenopausal women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;106(1):113\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-009-0996-7.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"367_CR14","first-page":"607","volume":"10","author":"MJ Costa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Costa MJ, Oliveira C, Teixeira G, Marinho DA, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM. The influence of musical cadence into aquatic jumping jacks kinematics. J Sports Sci Med. 2011;10(4):607\u201315.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"367_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2018.1441485","volume":"89","author":"RR Costa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Costa RR, Pilla C, Buttelli ACK, Barreto MF, Vieiro PA, Alberton CL, Bracht CG. Water-based aerobic training successfully improves lipid profile of dyslipidemic women: a randomized controlled trial. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2018;89(2):173\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.2018.1441485.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"issue":"10","key":"367_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002504","volume":"103","author":"C Cruz-Montecinos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cruz-Montecinos C, Castro RT, Otto-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez M, Barros-Poblete M, Valencia C, Campos A, Jadue L, Barros M, Solis-Navarro L, Resqueti V. Which sit-to-stand test best differentiates functional capacity in older people? Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2024;103(10):925\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002504.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"367_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13030334","volume":"13","author":"AA Dalamitros","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dalamitros AA, Kouloglou A, Nasoufidis G, Stogiannidou K, Eradli N, Manou V. Impact of a 10-week aqua fitness intervention on physical fitness and psychosocial measures in inactive healthy adult women. Healthcare. 2025;13(3):334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare13030334.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"10022","key":"367_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01225-8","volume":"387","author":"D Ettehad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, Chalmers J, Rodgers A, Rahimi K. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387(10022):957\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01225-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"367_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063377","volume":"19","author":"C Farinha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farinha C, Santos H, Serrano J, Oliveiros B, Silva FM, Cascante-Rusenhack M, Teixeira AM, Ferreira JP. The impact of aquatic exercise programs on the intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries, hemodynamic parameters, lipid profile and chemokines of community-dwelling older persons: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(6): 3377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19063377.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"367_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14112","volume":"32","author":"LB Fa\u00edl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fa\u00edl LB, Marinho DA, Marques EA, Costa MJ, Santos CC, Marques MC, Costa MJ, Santos CC, Marques MC, Izquierdo M, Neiva HP. Benefits of aquatic exercise in adults with and without chronic disease\u2014a systematic review with meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2022;32(3):465\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.14112.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"12","key":"367_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70223","volume":"7","author":"LB Fa\u00edl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fa\u00edl LB, Marinho DA, Marques EA, Gon\u00e7alves JM, Gil MH, Pereira RA, Marques MC, Izquierdo M, Neiva HP. Effects of 12-week moderate-intensity versus high-intensity water-aerobic training on physical fitness, cardiovascular health, and well-being in adults and older adults: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Health Sci Rep. 2024;7(12):e70223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.70223.","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"issue":"22","key":"367_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20227070","volume":"20","author":"SH Fosstveit","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fosstveit SH, Lindberg K, Bj\u00f8rnsen T, Sibayan EE, Fjeller JS, L\u00f8vold S, Kolnes T, V\u00e5rvik FT, Berntsen S, Lohne-Seiler H. Associations between power training-induced changes in body composition and physical function in older men: a pre-test\u2013post-test experimental study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(22):7070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20227070.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"367_CR23","first-page":"30","volume":"19","author":"N Garrido","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garrido N, Silva JDP, Novaes JS, Cirilo-Sousa MS, Neto GR. Effect of water aerobics on the quality of life, satisfaction, and perception of body image among elderly women. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2016;19(5):30\u20137.","journal-title":"J Exerc Physiol Online"},{"issue":"5","key":"367_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1097\/mss.0b013e31803349c6","volume":"39","author":"RL Gellish","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gellish RL, Goslin BR, Olson RE, McDonald A, Russi GD, Moudgil VK. Longitudinal modeling of the relationship between age and maximal heart rate. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(5):822\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mss.0b013e31803349c6.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"367_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/073346488900800110","volume":"8","author":"JS Green","year":"1989","unstructured":"Green JS. Effects of a water aerobics program on the blood pressure, percentage of body fat, weight, and resting pulse rate of senior citizens. J Appl Gerontol. 1989;8(1):132\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/073346488900800110.","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"issue":"8","key":"367_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ecd27b","volume":"25","author":"C Harris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harris C, Wattles AP, DeBeliso M, Sevene-Adams PG, Berning JM, Adams KJ. The seated medicine ball throw as a test of upper body power in older adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(8):2344\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ecd27b.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"367_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081123","volume":"389","author":"S Hopewell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hopewell S, Chan A-W, Collins GS, Hr\u00f3bjartsson A, Moher D, Schulz KF, Tunn R, Aggarwal R, Berkwits M, Berlin JA, Bhandari N, Butcher NJ, Campbell MK, Chidebe RCW, Elbourne D, Farmer A, Fergusson DA, Golub RM, Goodman SN, Hoffmann TC, Ioannidis JPA, Kahan BC, Knowles RL, Lamb SE, Lewis S, Loder E, Offringa M, Ravaud P, Richards DP, Rockhold FW, Schriger DL, Siegfried NL, Staniszewska S, Taylor RS, Thabane L, Torgerson D, Vohra S, White IR, Boutron I (2025) CONSORT 2025 statement: updated guideline for reporting randomised trials. BMJ. 389:e081123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2024-081123.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"2","key":"367_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317731164","volume":"25","author":"Y Igarashi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Igarashi Y, Nogami Y. The effect of regular aquatic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018;25(2):190\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2047487317731164.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"367_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.433","volume":"27","author":"K Irandoust","year":"2015","unstructured":"Irandoust K, Taheri M. The effects of aquatic exercise on body composition and nonspecific low back pain in elderly males. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(2):433\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1589\/jpts.27.433.","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"367_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2015-0012","volume":"45","author":"R Jasi\u0144ski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jasi\u0144ski R, Socha M, Sitko L, Kubicka K, Wo\u017aniewski M, Sobiech KA. Effect of nordic walking and water aerobics training on body composition and the blood flow in lower extremities in elderly women. J Hum Kinet. 2015;45(1):113\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/hukin-2015-0012.","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"367_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.17","volume":"18","author":"H Kang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kang H. Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software. J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2021;18:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.17.","journal-title":"J Educ Eval Health Prof"},{"issue":"1","key":"367_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1515\/humo-2015-0020","volume":"16","author":"J Kantyka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kantyka J, Herman D, Roczniok R, Kuba L. Effects of aqua aerobics on body composition, body mass, lipid profile, and blood count in middle-aged sedentary women. Hum Mov. 2015;16(1):9\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/humo-2015-0020.","journal-title":"Hum Mov"},{"key":"367_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.603435","volume":"11","author":"M Klonizakis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klonizakis M, Hunt BE, Woodward A. The association between cardiovascular function, measured as FMD and CVC, and long-term aquatic exercise in older adults (ACELA study): a cross-sectional study. Front Physiol. 2020;11:603435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.603435.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"367_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223558","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1223558","volume":"14","author":"M Klonizakis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Klonizakis M, Mitropoulos A. Assessing the effect of regular swimming exercise on the micro-and macrovascular physiology of older adults (ACELA II study). Front Physiol. 2023;14:1223558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1223558.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"367_CR35","unstructured":"Kravitz L, Mayo JJ. The physiological effects of aquatic exercise. Int J Med. 2007. https:\/\/www.unm.edu\/~lkravitz\/Article%20folder\/aqua.html."},{"key":"367_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5672\/APUNTS.2014-0983.ES.(2021\/2).144.04","volume":"144","author":"LFM Kruel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kruel LFM, Bgeginski R, Kanitz AC, Pinto SS, Almada BP, Finatto P, Alberton CL. Blood pressure responses in hypertensive women to water aerobics. Apunts Educ Fis Deportes. 2021;144:25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5672\/APUNTS.2014-0983.ES.(2021\/2).144.04.","journal-title":"Apunts Educ Fis Deportes"},{"issue":"NOV","key":"367_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","volume":"4","author":"D Lakens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013;4:863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"367_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22010106","volume":"22","author":"LDS Leonel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leonel LDS, Danielevicz A, Delevatti RS. Comparison between water aerobics and deep-water running on middle-aged adults\u2019 anthropometric, hemodynamic and functional outcomes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025;22(1):106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22010106","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"9349","key":"367_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11911-8","volume":"360","author":"S Lewington","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lewington S, Clark R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1903\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11911-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"367_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.15366\/rimcafd2017.66.005","volume":"66","author":"JAH L\u00f3pez","year":"2017","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez JAH, Mart\u00ednez PYO, Meza EIA, Moncada-Jim\u00e9nez JA, Garcia Bertruy O, Dantas EH. Hydrogymnastics training program on physical fitness in elderly women. Rev Int Med Cienc Act Fis Deporte. 2017;66:283\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15366\/rimcafd2017.66.005.","journal-title":"Rev Int Med Cienc Act Fis Deporte"},{"issue":"6","key":"367_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.5935\/2359-4802.20170090","volume":"30","author":"MEC Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2017","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es MEC. New cholesterol targets of SBC guidelines on dyslipidemia. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2017;30(6):466\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/2359-4802.20170090.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Sci"},{"key":"367_CR42","unstructured":"Marfell-Jones MJ, Stewart AD, de Ridder JH. International standards for anthropometric assessment. Wellington, New Zealand: International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry; 2011."},{"issue":"1","key":"367_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.17.07872-0","volume":"59","author":"OC Moreira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moreira OC, Lopes GS, de Matos DG, Mazini-Filho ML, Aidar FJ, Silva SF, de Oliveira CE. Impact of two hydrogymnastics class methodologies on the functional capacity and flexibility of elderly women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2019;59(1):126\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S0022-4707.17.07872-0.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"2","key":"367_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2019.09.004","volume":"35","author":"EG Moura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moura EG, Nunes WMS, Pinto LM, Santos NG, de Oliveira G, Gross DA. Effects of hydrogymnastics practice for 45 weeks on the lipid, hemodynamic and anthropometry profile of elderly when untrained for 30 days in the intervention. Sci Sports. 2020;35(2):103.e1-103.e9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scispo.2019.09.004","journal-title":"Sci Sports"},{"issue":"5","key":"367_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198319","volume":"13","author":"HP Neiva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neiva HP, Fa\u00edl LB, Izquierdo M, Marques MC, Marinho DA. The effect of 12 weeks of water-aerobics on health status and physical fitness: an ecological approach. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0198319.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"367_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2014-0090","volume":"43","author":"GS Novaes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Novaes GS, Novaes JS, Vila\u00e7a-Alves J, Silva GCE, Garrido ND, Furtado H, Reis VM. Chronic effects of strength training vs hydro aerobics on functional and cardiorespiratory ability in postmenopausal women. J Hum Kinet. 2014;43(1):57\u201366.","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"issue":"4","key":"367_CR47","first-page":"27","volume":"17","author":"A Nuttamonwarakul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nuttamonwarakul A, Amatyakul S, Suksom D. Effects of water-based versus land-based exercise training on cutaneous microvascular reactivity and C-reactive protein in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2014;17(4):27\u201333.","journal-title":"J Exerc Physiol Online"},{"issue":"5","key":"367_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.30.5.1267","volume":"30","author":"P Palatini","year":"1997","unstructured":"Palatini P, Casiglia E, Pauletto P, Staessen J, Kaciroti N, Julius S. Relationship of tachycardia with high blood pressure and metabolic abnormalities: a study with mixture analysis in three populations. Hypertension. 1997;30(5):1267\u201373.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"367_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2015.104.07","volume":"10","author":"FRO Penaforte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Penaforte FRO, Calhau R, Mota GR, Chiarello PG. Impact of short-term water exercise programs on weight, body composition, metabolic profile and quality of life of obese women. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2015;10(4):915\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14198\/jhse.2015.104.07.","journal-title":"J Hum Sport Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"367_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.913074","volume":"27","author":"E Piotrowska-Ca\u0142ka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Piotrowska-Ca\u0142ka E. The effects of a 24-week deep water aerobic training program on cardiovascular fitness. Biol Sport. 2010;27(2):95\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5604\/20831862.913074.","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"12","key":"367_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200212000-00036","volume":"34","author":"T P\u00f6yh\u00f6nen","year":"2002","unstructured":"P\u00f6yh\u00f6nen T, Sipil\u00e4 S, Keskinen KL, Hautala A, Savolainen J, M\u00e4lki\u00e4 E. Effects of aquatic resistance training on neuromuscular performance in healthy women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(12):2103\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200212000-00036.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"367_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-016-0275-z","volume":"12","author":"C Raffaelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raffaelli C, Milanese C, Lanza M, Zamparo P. Water-based training enhances both physical capacities and body composition in healthy young adult women. Sport Sci Health. 2016;12(2):195\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11332-016-0275-z.","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"367_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2015-0122","volume":"25","author":"R Ram\u00edrez-Campillo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Campillo R, Mart\u00ednez C, De La Fuente CI, Cadore EL, Marques MC, Nakamura FY, Loturco I, Caniuqueo A, Ca\u00f1as R, Izquierdo M. High-speed resistance training in older women: the role of supervision. J Aging Phys Act. 2017;25(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/japa.2015-0122.","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"367_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56984\/8ZG020C7J8T","author":"P Rathore","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rathore P, Sahu M, Narvariya P, Pandey P. Aqua training and its effect on physical and physiological parameters in middle-aged women. Fizjoter Pol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56984\/8ZG020C7J8T.","journal-title":"Fizjoter Pol"},{"issue":"1","key":"367_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-19","volume":"13","author":"A Rauner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rauner A, Mess F, Woll A. The relationship between physical activity, physical fitness and overweight in adolescents: a systematic review of studies published in or after 2000. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2431-13-19.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"367_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.7.2.162","volume":"7","author":"RE Rikli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Functional fitness normative scores for community-residing older adults, ages 60\u201394. J Aging Phys Act. 1999;7(2):162\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/japa.7.2.162.","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"367_CR57","first-page":"41","volume":"27","author":"AV Serra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Serra AV, Canavarro MC, Sim\u00f5es MR, Pereira M, Gameiro S, Quartilho MJ, Rijo D, Carona C, Paredes T. Estudos psicom\u00e9tricos do instrumento de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da qualidade de vida da organiza\u00e7\u00e3o mundial de sa\u00fade (WHOQOL-Bref) para Portugu\u00eas de Portugal. In PC. 2006;27:41\u20139.","journal-title":"In PC"},{"issue":"1","key":"367_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/oti.1333","volume":"20","author":"PYS Sampaio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sampaio PYS, Ito E. Activities with higher influence on quality of life in older adults in Japan. Occup Ther Int. 2013;20(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oti.1333.","journal-title":"Occup Ther Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"367_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12040588","volume":"12","author":"K Sobczak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sobczak K, Wochna K, Antosiak-Cyrak K, Domaszewska K. The effects of 6-month aqua aerobics training on cardiometabolic parameters in perimenopausal women\u2014a randomized controlled trial. Biol. 2023;12(4): 588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology12040588.","journal-title":"Biol"},{"issue":"2 PART 1","key":"367_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(05)80017-1","volume":"119","author":"RA Stein","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stein RA, Michielli DW, Glantz MD, Sardy H, Cohen A, Goldberg N, et al. Effects of different exercise training intensities on lipoprotein cholesterol fractions in healthy middle-aged men. Am Heart J. 1990;119(2 PART 1):277\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-8703(05)80017-1.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"367_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200203000-00024","volume":"34","author":"N Takeshima","year":"2002","unstructured":"Takeshima N, Rogers ME, Watanabe E, Brechue WF, Yamada AOT, Islam MM, Hayano J. Water-based exercise improves health-related aspects of fitness in older women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(3):544\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200203000-00024","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"367_CR62","first-page":"1422","volume":"38","author":"T Tsourlou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tsourlou T, Benik A, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Spiros K. The effects of a twenty-four-week aquatic training program on muscular strength performance in healthy elderly women. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;38:1422\u201344.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"367_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2011.00757.x","volume":"12","author":"M Yamada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yamada M, Uemura K, Mori S, Nagai K, Uehara T, Arai H, Aoyama T . Faster decline of physical performance in older adults with higher levels of baseline locomotive function. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2012;12(2):238\u201346. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2011.00757.x","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"367_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12411","volume":"10","author":"SSY Yeung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yeung SSY, Reijnierse EM, Pham VK, Trappenburg MC, Lim WK, Meskers CGM, Maier AB. Sarcopenia and its association with falls and fractures in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(3):485\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12411.","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"}],"container-title":["Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42978-025-00367-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42978-025-00367-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42978-025-00367-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T15:45:01Z","timestamp":1770306301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42978-025-00367-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42978-025-00367-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-6709","2662-1371"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-6709","type":"print"},{"value":"2662-1371","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Beira Interior, Portugal, with the approval number: CE-UBI-Pj-2019\u2013051, dated October 2019.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided their signed informed consent and voluntarily agreed to participate. The research was conducted following the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish"}}]}}