{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T22:45:18Z","timestamp":1774392318562,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619222400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/132728\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/132728\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/CEC\/00326\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CEC\/00326\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00604-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T08:03:40Z","timestamp":1619337820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The X-Faces Behind the Portraits of No One"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5562-1996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Correia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2638-237X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7276-8727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Rebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0670-1217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Bicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6308-6484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penousal","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"604_CR1","unstructured":"Correia J, Martins T, Martins P, Machado P. X-Faces: the eXploit is out there. In: Pachet F, Cardoso A, Corruble V, Ghedini F, (eds) Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Computational Creativity (ICCC 2016), pp 164\u2013182. Paris, France. 2016."},{"key":"604_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Correia J, Martins T, Machado P. Evolutionary data augmentation in deep face detection. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and evolutionary computation conference companion (GECCO '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp. 163\u2013164. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3319619.3322053.","DOI":"10.1145\/3319619.3322053"},{"key":"604_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martins T, Correia J, Rebelo S, Bicker J, Machado P. Portraits of no one: an interactive installation. In: Romero J, Ek\u00e1rt A, Martins T, Correia J, (eds) Artificial intelligence in music, sound, art and design. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 104\u2013117. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-43859-3_8.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-43859-3_8"},{"issue":"6","key":"604_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386","volume":"60","author":"A Krizhevsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton GE. ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks Commun. ACM. 2017;60(6):84\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3065386.","journal-title":"Commun ACM."},{"key":"604_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masi I, Tr\u00e3n AT, Hassner T, Leksut JT, Medioni G. Do we really need to collect millions of faces for effective face recognition? In: Leibe B, Matas J, Sebe N, Welling M, (eds) Computer vision\u2014ECCV 2016. Lecture notes in computer science, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 579\u2013596. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-46454-1_35.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46454-1_35"},{"issue":"6","key":"604_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2004.11.004","volume":"38","author":"D Jiang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jiang D, Hu Y, Yan S, Zhang L, Zhang H, Gao W. Efficient 3D reconstruction for face recognition. Pattern Recogn. 2005;38(6):787\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2004.11.004.","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"issue":"1","key":"604_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2012.30","volume":"4","author":"H Mohammadzade","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mohammadzade H, Hatzinakos D. Projection into expression subspaces for face recognition from single sample per person. IEEE Trans Affect Comput. 2013;4(1):69\u201313.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/T-AFFC.2012.30.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput."},{"issue":"2","key":"604_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11063-013-9322-9","volume":"40","author":"SZ Seyyedsalehi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seyyedsalehi SZ, Seyyedsalehi SA. Simultaneous learning of nonlinear manifolds based on the bottleneck neural network. Neural Process Lett. 2014;40(2):191\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11063-013-9322-9.","journal-title":"Neural Process Lett."},{"key":"604_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nirkin Y, Masi I, Tran Tuan A, Hassner T, Medioni G. On face segmentation, face swapping, and face perception. In: 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition (FG 2018), pp. 98\u2013105. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FG.2018.00024.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2018.00024"},{"key":"604_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.12.025","volume":"230","author":"J-J Lv","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lv J-J, Shao X, Huang J-S, Zhou X-D, Zhou X. Data augmentation for face recognition. Neurocomputing. 2017;230:184\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.12.025.","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"604_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karras T, Laine S, Aila T. A style-based generator architecture for generative adversarial networks. In: 2019 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), pp. 4396\u20134405. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00453.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00453"},{"key":"604_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karras T, Laine S, Aittala M, Hellsten J, Lehtinen J, Aila T. Analyzing and improving the image quality of StyleGAN. In: 2020 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), pp. 8107\u20138116. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00813.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00813"},{"key":"604_CR13","unstructured":"Karras T, Laine S, Aittala M, Hellsten J, Lehtinen J, Aila T. This person does not exist. 2020. https:\/\/thispersondoesnotexist.com\/. Accessed 28 Jul 2020."},{"issue":"6","key":"604_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2007.906575","volume":"37","author":"J Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen J, Wang R, Yan S, Shan S, Chen X, Gao W. Enhancing human face detection by resampling examples through manifolds. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part A Syst Hum. 2007;37(6): 1017\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSMCA.2007.906575.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part A Syst Hum."},{"key":"604_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Machado P, Correia J, Romero J. Improving face detection. In: Moraglio A, Silva S, Krawiec K, Machado P, Cotta C (eds) In: 15th european conference on genetic programming (EuroGP), pp. 73\u201384. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-29139-5_7.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29139-5_7"},{"key":"604_CR16","unstructured":"Shaw J. In: Video narcissus. 1987. https:\/\/www.jeffreyshawcompendium.com\/portfolio\/video-narcissus\/. Accessed 28 Jul 2020."},{"key":"604_CR17","unstructured":"Kac E. Interfaces 1990. http:\/\/www.ekac.org\/sstv.html. Accessed 28 Jul 2020."},{"key":"604_CR18","unstructured":"Biggs S. Solitary. 1992. http:\/\/littlepig.org.uk\/installations\/solitary\/solitary.htm. Accessed 28 Jul 2020."},{"key":"604_CR19","unstructured":"Levin G, Lieberman Z. Reface\u2014Portrait Sequencer. 2007. http:\/\/www.flong.com\/projects\/reface\/. Accessed 28 Jul 2020."},{"key":"604_CR20","unstructured":"Howorka S. Average Face Mirror. 2015. http:\/\/www.sarahhoworka.at\/projects\/average-face-mirror. Accessed 28 Jul 2020."},{"key":"604_CR21","unstructured":"Al Tawil S. IDEMixer. 2019. http:\/\/samehaltawil.com\/portfolio\/idemixer\/. Accessed 28 Jul 2020."},{"key":"604_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suhr HC, You I. We: exploring interactive multimedia performance. In: Proceedings of the 27th ACM international conference on multimedia. New York: ACM, pp. 1147\u20131155. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3343031.3355706.","DOI":"10.1145\/3343031.3355706"},{"key":"604_CR23","unstructured":"McDonald K. Sharing Faces. 2013. https:\/\/github.com\/kylemcdonald\/sharingfaces. Accessed 28 Jul 2020."},{"key":"604_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lancel K, Maat H, Brazier F. Saving face: playful design for social engagement, in public smart city spaces. In: Brooks AL, Brooks E, Sylla C (eds) Interactivity, game creation, design, learning, and innovation. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 296\u2013305. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-06134-0_34.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-06134-0_34"},{"key":"604_CR25","unstructured":"Lozano-Hemmer R. Level of Confidence. 2015. http:\/\/www.lozano-hemmer.com\/artworks\/level_of_confidence.php. Accessed 28 Jul 2020."},{"key":"604_CR26","unstructured":"Daniele A. This is not private. 2015. http:\/\/www.letitbrain.it\/letitbrain\/?port=this-is-not-private. Accessed 28 Jul 2020."},{"key":"604_CR27","unstructured":"Tyka M. Portraits of imaginary people. 2017: http:\/\/www.miketyka.com\/. Accessed 28 Jul 2020."},{"key":"604_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moura JM, Ferreira-Lopes P. Generative face from random data, on \u201chow computers imagine humans.\u201d In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on digital arts, pp. 85\u201391. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3106548.3106605.","DOI":"10.1145\/3106548.3106605"},{"key":"604_CR29","unstructured":"Klingemann M. Neural Glitch. 2018. http:\/\/underdestruction.com\/2018\/10\/28\/neural-glitch\/. Accessed 28 Jul 2020."},{"key":"604_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882269","author":"P P\u00e9rez","year":"2003","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez P, Gangnet M, Blake A. Poisson image editing. ACM Trans Graph (TOG). 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/882262.882269","journal-title":"ACM Trans Graph (TOG)"}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00604-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00604-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00604-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]],"date-time":"2021-06-26T20:08:13Z","timestamp":1624738093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00604-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00604-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-995X","2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-995X","type":"print"},{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declearations"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"236"}}