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However, how the European rabbit (<jats:italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus<\/jats:italic>) adapts to different predator pressure is not fully known. Here, we studied the adaptive anti-predatory responses of European rabbits exposed to different terrestrial predation pressure. To do this, we took advantage of a rabbit translocation programme in the Sierra Norte Natural Park of Sevilla\u00a0(SW Spain), where rabbits from the same donor population were translocated in plots with and without terrestrial predator exclusion fences (aerial predation was not excluded in any of the plots). This presented an ideal opportunity to observe whether the behaviour of individuals from the same population adapts to situations with different predator pressure; thus, their behaviour was evaluated through direct observations. Although most rabbits were observed close to cover, differences in distance to cover, group size and behaviour were observed between fenced and unfenced plots. Overall, both adult and juvenile rabbits moved further from cover in the unfenced plot than in the fenced plot. Most of the observations in the unfenced plot corresponded to rabbits in pairs or alone; whereas in the fenced plot, rabbits were primarily in pairs or in larger groups. Our findings suggest that in the unfenced plot, rabbits that moved further from cover were often part of larger groups (\u2265\u20094 rabbits); whereas in the fenced plot, it was rabbits in smaller groups (&lt;\u20094 rabbits). Rabbits in the unfenced plot were alert and running more frequently than rabbits in the fenced one; in the latter, these rabbits were mostly feeding. Other relaxed behaviours such us grooming or resting were more frequent close to cover. In summary, our results highlight rabbits' capacity to promptly adjust behaviour in response to predation risk, exhibiting adaptive anti-predatory responses tailored to different predation pressures. These insights contribute to understanding the nuanced dynamics of prey species' responses to diverse predation scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42991-024-00398-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T11:02:34Z","timestamp":1707994954000},"page":"185-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Adaptive anti-predatory responses of European rabbits exposed to different predation pressure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8329-8265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Tobajas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C. 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Springer, New York"}],"container-title":["Mammalian Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42991-024-00398-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42991-024-00398-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42991-024-00398-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T10:12:21Z","timestamp":1710497541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42991-024-00398-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42991-024-00398-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1616-5047","1618-1476"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1616-5047","type":"print"},{"value":"1618-1476","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 May 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authors declare no conflicts of interests.\u00a0One of the authors of this article, C. Rouco Zufiaurre, is a member of the editorial board of Mammalian Biology.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Since the present study was a strictly observational research, no manipulations were carried out on any animals. The rabbit translocation programme, upon which the present study is based, was approved by the Ethical Committee for Animal Experimentation of the University of Castilla-La Mancha and is in accordance with Spanish and European regulations (Law 32\/2007, R.D. 1201\/2005, and Council Directive 2010\/63\/EU).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}}]}}