{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T16:32:28Z","timestamp":1757781148126},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ARIN"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper proposes an effective approach to realise circular construction with concrete, and shows Unreinforced Masonry as a foundational building block for it.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The paper outlines the importance of circularity in building structures. It specifically focuses on the impact of circular construction with concrete on improving the sustainability of the built environment in a rapidly urbanising world economy. Subsequently, the relevance of principles of structural design and construction of unreinforced masonry to achieve circularity is articulated. Furthermore, the paper presents and summarises recent developments in the field of Unreinforced Concrete Masonry (URCM) including digital design tools to synthesise structurally efficient shapes, and low-waste digital fabrication techniques using lower-embodied-emission materials to realise the designed shapes. The paper exemplifies these using two physically realised, full-scale URCM footbridge prototypes and a commercially available, mass-customisable building floor element, called the Rippmann Floor System (RFS).<\/jats:p><jats:p>The paper also outlines the benefits of mainstream, industrial-scale adoption of the design and construction technologies for URCM, including accelerating the pathway to decarbonise the concrete industry. In summary, the paper argues that URCM provides a solution to significantly mitigate the carbon emissions associated with concrete and reduce the use of virgin resources whilst retaining its benefits such as widespread and cheap availability, endurance, fire safety, low maintenance requirements and recyclability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44223-023-00043-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T03:02:33Z","timestamp":1707361353000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unreinforced concrete masonry for circular construction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Shajay","family":"Bhooshan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Dell\u2019Endice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F.","family":"Ranaudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"T.","family":"Van Mele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"43_CR1","volume-title":"Net-zero buildings Halving construction emissions today.","author":"E Arup","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arup, E., World buisness Council, for sustainble development. (2023). Net-zero buildings Halving construction emissions today."},{"key":"43_CR2","volume-title":"Materials and the environment: Eco-informed material choice","author":"MF Ashby","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ashby, M. F. (2012). Materials and the environment: Eco-informed material choice. Elsevier."},{"key":"43_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2021.106647","volume":"257","author":"RM Avelino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Avelino, R. M., et al. (2021). Assessing the safety of vaulted masonry structures using Thrust Network Analysis. Computers and Structures, 257, 106647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compstruc.2021.106647","journal-title":"Computers and Structures"},{"key":"43_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhooshan, S., Bhooshan, V., et al. (2022). The Striatus arched bridge Computational design and robotic fabrication of an unreinforced, 3D-concrete-printed, masonry bridge\u2019, Architecture, Structures and Construction, (Structures & Architecture \u2013 Joining forces).","DOI":"10.1007\/s44150-022-00051-y"},{"key":"43_CR5","volume-title":"\u2018Print-path design for inclined-plane robotic 3D printing of unreinforced concrete\u2019, in 3rd RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication (Digital Concrete).","author":"S Bhooshan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhooshan, S., et al. (2022). \u2018Print-path design for inclined-plane robotic 3D printing of unreinforced concrete\u2019, in 3rd RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication (Digital Concrete)."},{"key":"43_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhooshan, S. et al. (2018) Function Representation for Robotic 3D Printed Concrete, in Robotic Fabrication in Architecture, Art and Design. Springer, pp. 98\u2013109.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92294-2_8"},{"key":"43_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3424630.3425413","volume-title":"\u2018Morph & Slerp: Shape description for 3D printing of concrete\u2019, in Symposium on Computational Fabrication","author":"S Bhooshan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhooshan, S., Van Mele, T., & Block, P. (2020). \u2018Morph & Slerp: Shape description for 3D printing of concrete\u2019, in Symposium on Computational Fabrication (pp. 1\u201310)"},{"issue":"3","key":"43_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00004-018-0402-z","volume":"20","author":"V Bhooshan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhooshan, V., et al. (2018). MayaVault\u2014a Mesh Modelling Environment for Discrete Funicular Structures. Nexus Network Journal. Springer, 20(3), 567\u2013582.","journal-title":"Nexus Network Journal. Springer"},{"issue":"5","key":"43_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.56330\/YSXL7244","volume":"96","author":"P Block","year":"2018","unstructured":"Block, P., et al. (2018). \u2018Structural design, fabrication and construction of the Armadillo vault\u2019, The Structural Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Structural Engineer. Institution of Structural Engineers, 96(5), 10\u201320.","journal-title":"Institution of Structural Engineers"},{"key":"43_CR10","unstructured":"Block, P. et al. (2019) Imposing challenges, disruptive changes: rethinking the floor slab, The materials book: inspired by the 6th lafargeholcim foundation. Forum Ruby Press: Berlin, p. 67."},{"issue":"1","key":"43_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.56330\/UJFI2777","volume":"98","author":"P Block","year":"2020","unstructured":"Block, P., et al. (2020). \u2018Redefining structural art: Strategies, necessities and opportunities\u2019, The Structural Engineer. Institution of Structural Engineers, 98(1), 66\u201372.","journal-title":"Institution of Structural Engineers"},{"key":"43_CR12","unstructured":"Block, P., Lachauer, L. and Rippmann, M. (2014) Thrust network analysis, Shell Structures for Architecture: Form Finding and Optimization. Routledge, p. 71."},{"key":"43_CR13","volume-title":"Cradle to cradle","author":"M Braungart","year":"2009","unstructured":"Braungart, M., & McDonough, W. (2009). Cradle to cradle. Random House."},{"issue":"4","key":"43_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.20898\/j.iass.2019.202.033","volume":"60","author":"J Br\u00fctting","year":"2019","unstructured":"Br\u00fctting, J., Senatore, G., & Fivet, C. (2019a). \u2018Form follows availability\u2013Designing structures through reuse\u2019, Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures. International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS), 60(4), 257\u2013265.","journal-title":"International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS)"},{"key":"43_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00fctting, J., De Wolf, C. and Fivet, C. (2019b) The reuse of load-bearing components, in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing, p. 12025.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/225\/1\/012025"},{"key":"43_CR16","first-page":"1","volume-title":"\u2018Computer-controlled fabrication of a freeform stone vault\u2019, in Proceedings of IASS Annual Symposia. International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS)","author":"C Calvo Barentin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Calvo Barentin, C., et al. (2016). Computer-controlled fabrication of a freeform stone vault, in Proceedings of IASS Annual Symposia. International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) (pp. 1\u20139)"},{"issue":"11","key":"43_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6348","DOI":"10.3390\/su13116348","volume":"13","author":"S \u00c7etin","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00c7etin, S., De Wolf, C., & Bocken, N. (2021). Circular digital built environment: An emerging framework. Sustainability. MDPI, 13(11), 6348.","journal-title":"Sustainability. MDPI"},{"key":"43_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2020.111499","volume":"228","author":"A Dell\u2019Endice","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Endice, A., et al. (2021). Modelling imperfections in unreinforced masonry structures: Discrete Element simulations and scale model experiments of a pavilion vault. Engineering Structures. Elsevier, 228, 111499.","journal-title":"Engineering Structures. Elsevier"},{"key":"43_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.10.070","volume":"46","author":"A Dell\u2019Endice","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Endice, A., et al. (2022). Structural analysis of unreinforced masonry spiral staircases using Discrete Element modelling. Structures, 46, 214\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.10.070","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"43_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2023.116534","volume":"292","author":"A Dell\u2019Endice","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Endice, A., et al. (2023). Structural design and engineering of Striatus, an unreinforced 3D-concrete-printed masonry arch bridge. Engineering Structures, 292, 116534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2023.116534","journal-title":"Engineering Structures"},{"key":"43_CR21","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Endice, A., Bhooshan, V., Lombois-Burger, H., Megens, J., Bodea, S., Eiz, H., et al. (2024). Striatus 2.0: Phoenix - Improving circularity of 3D-concrete-printed unreinforced masonry structures. In, FABRICATE 2024. Copenhagen. Accepted for publication"},{"key":"43_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dev\u00e8nes, J. R. et al. (2022) Re: Crete-A Footbridge made of Reused Concrete Blocks. Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Ingenier\u00eda Estructura.","DOI":"10.24904\/footbridge2022.269"},{"key":"43_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102322","volume":"61","author":"C De Wolf","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Wolf, C., Hoxha, E., & Fivet, C. (2020). Comparison of environmental assessment methods when reusing building components: A case study. Sustainable Cities and Society. Elsevier, 61, 102322.","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society. Elsevier"},{"key":"43_CR24","first-page":"68","volume":"140","author":"C De Wolf","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Wolf, C., Pomponi, F., & Moncaster, A. (2017). \u2018Measuring embodied carbon dioxide equivalent of buildings: A review and critique of current industry practice\u2019, Energy and Buildings. Elsevier, 140, 68\u201380.","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"key":"43_CR25","unstructured":"Eds (2021) Concrete needs to lose its colossal carbon footprint, Nature. Available at: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-021-02612-5 (Accessed: 20 November 2023)."},{"key":"43_CR26","first-page":"1075","volume-title":"\u2018Digital stereotomy and topological transformations: reasoning about shape building\u2019, in Proceedings of the second international congress on construction history,","author":"G Fallacara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fallacara, G. (2006). \u2018Digital stereotomy and topological transformations: reasoning about shape building\u2019, in Proceedings of the second international congress on construction history, (pp. 1075\u20131092)"},{"issue":"2","key":"43_CR27","first-page":"66","volume":"11","author":"R Fieldson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fieldson, R., Rai, D., & Sodagar, B. (2009). Towards a framework for early estimation of lifecycle carbon footprinting of buildings in the UK. Construction Information Quarterly, 11(2), 66\u201375.","journal-title":"Construction Information Quarterly"},{"key":"43_CR28","volume-title":"The construction of Gothic cathedrals: A study of medieval vault erection","author":"J Fitchen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fitchen, J. (1981). The construction of Gothic cathedrals: A study of medieval vault erection. University of Chicago Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"43_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.56330\/LXAH1188","volume":"98","author":"C Fivet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fivet, C., & Br\u00fctting, J. (2020). Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is reused: Structural design for a circular economy. The Structural Engineer, 98(1), 74\u201381.","journal-title":"The Structural Engineer"},{"key":"43_CR30","unstructured":"Foundation, E. M. (2019) Technical cycle. Available at: https:\/\/ellenmacarthurfoundation.org\/articles\/the-technicalcycle-of-the-butterfly-diagram (Accessed: 21 March 2023)."},{"key":"43_CR31","unstructured":"GCCA (2022) The GCCA 2050 Cement and Concrete Industry Roadmap for Net Zero Concrete. Available at: https:\/\/gccassociation.org\/concretefuture\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/GCCA-Concrete-Future-RoadmapDocument-AW-2022.pdf."},{"issue":"11","key":"43_CR32","first-page":"559","volume":"1","author":"G Habert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Habert, G., et al. (2020). \u2018Environmental impacts and decarbonization strategies in the cement and concrete industries\u2019, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. Nature Publishing Group UK London, 1(11), 559\u2013573.","journal-title":"Nature Publishing Group UK London"},{"issue":"6","key":"43_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2009.04.001","volume":"31","author":"G Habert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Habert, G., & Roussel, N. (2009). Study of two concrete mix-design strategies to reach carbon mitigation objectives. Cement and Concrete Composites. Elsevier, 31(6), 397\u2013402.","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Composites. Elsevier"},{"issue":"2","key":"43_CR34","first-page":"249","volume":"2","author":"J Heyman","year":"1966","unstructured":"Heyman, J. (1966). \u2018The stone skeleton\u2019, International Journal of solids and structures. Elsevier, 2(2), 249\u2013279.","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"key":"43_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iannuzzo, A. et al. (2021) Numerical limit analysis-based modelling of masonry structures subjected to large displacements, Computers and Structures, 242.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compstruc.2020.106372.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2020.106372"},{"key":"43_CR36","unstructured":"IEA (2018) Global energy and CO2 status report-2017 Key findings. Available at: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/globalenergy-co2-status-report-2017."},{"key":"43_CR37","unstructured":"Jones, C. and Hammond, G. (2021) Embodied Carbon Footprint Database, ICE. Available at: https:\/\/circularecology.com\/embodied-carbon-footprint-database.html."},{"key":"43_CR38","unstructured":"Kao, G. T.-C., Ranaudo, F., et al. (2022) A computational design pipeline of 3D discrete-element assemblies in architecture. In 8th European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering (ECCOMAS): Oslo, Norway."},{"key":"43_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2022.103216","volume":"146","author":"GT-C Kao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kao, G.T.-C., Iannuzzo, A., et al. (2022). Coupled Rigid-Block Analysis: Stability-Aware Design of Complex Discrete-Element Assemblies. Computer-Aided Design, 146, 103216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cad.2022.103216","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"key":"43_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kao, G. T.-C. (2023) Stability Assessment of Discrete Shell Structures during Assembly. ETH Zurich A4 - Block, Philippe A4 - Coros, Stelian A4 - Knippers, Jan A4 - Van Mele, Tom. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3929\/ethz-b-000620646.","DOI":"10.3929\/ethz-b-000620646"},{"key":"43_CR41","volume-title":"Making concrete change, Innovation in Low-carbon Cement and Concrete.","author":"J Lehne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lehne, J., & Preston, F. (2018). Making concrete change, Innovation in Low-carbon Cement and Concrete."},{"key":"43_CR42","first-page":"323","volume":"137","author":"A Liew","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liew, A., et al. (2017). \u2018Design, fabrication and testing of a prototype, thin-vaulted, unreinforced concrete floor\u2019, Engineering Structures. Elsevier, 137, 323\u2013335.","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"key":"43_CR43","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez, D. L. et al. (2014) Prototype of an ultra-thin, concrete vaulted floor system, in Proceedings of IASS annual symposia. International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS), pp. 1\u20138."},{"key":"43_CR44","volume-title":"Thrust Network Optimisation for the Assessment of Vaulted Masonry Structures","author":"R Maia Avelino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maia Avelino, R. (2023). Thrust Network Optimisation for the Assessment of Vaulted Masonry Structures. ETH: Zurich."},{"key":"43_CR45","first-page":"68","volume":"7","author":"J Mata Falc\u00f3n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mata Falc\u00f3n, J., et al. (2022). \u2018Digitally fabricated ribbed concrete floor slabs: A sustainable solution for construction\u2019, RILEM Technical Letters. RILEM Publications, 7, 68\u201378.","journal-title":"RILEM Publications"},{"issue":"7","key":"43_CR46","first-page":"698","volume":"16","author":"PJM Monteiro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Monteiro, P. J. M., Miller, S. A., & Horvath, A. (2017). \u2018Towards sustainable concrete\u2019, Nature materials. Nature Publishing Group UK London, 16(7), 698\u2013699.","journal-title":"Nature Publishing Group UK London"},{"key":"43_CR47","first-page":"321","volume":"67","author":"HS M\u00fcller","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, H. S., Haist, M., & Vogel, M. (2014). \u2018Assessment of the sustainability potential of concrete and concrete structures considering their environmental impact, performance and lifetime\u2019, Construction and Building Materials. Elsevier, 67, 321\u2013337.","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"key":"43_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oval, R. et al. (2023) A prototype low-carbon segmented concrete shell building floor system, in Structures. Elsevier, pp. 124\u2013138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2023.01.063"},{"key":"43_CR49","volume-title":"Funicular Floor Design","author":"F Ranaudo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ranaudo, F. (2023). Funicular Floor Design. ETH: Zurich."},{"key":"43_CR50","first-page":"2016","volume":"2016","author":"F Ranaudo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ranaudo, F., Van Mele, T., & Block, P. (2012). (2021) A low-carbon, funicular concrete floor system: Design and engineering of the HiLo floors. System, 2016, 2016\u20132018.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"43_CR51","volume-title":"On the thrust line of piecewise-linear-elastic continuous funicular structures, in Proceedings of the IASS\/APCS 2022 Symposium.","author":"F Ranaudo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ranaudo, F., Van Mele, T., & Block, P. (2022). On the thrust line of piecewise-linear-elastic continuous funicular structures, in Proceedings of the IASS\/APCS 2022 Symposium."},{"key":"43_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rippmann, M. (2016) Funicular Shell Design: Geometric Approaches to Form Finding and Fabrication of Discrete Funicular Structures. ETH Zurich, Department of Architecture.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3929\/ethz-a-010656780.","DOI":"10.3929\/ethz-a-010656780"},{"key":"43_CR53","first-page":"64","volume-title":"The Armadillo Vault: Computational design and digital fabrication of a freeform stone shell, in Advances in Architectural Geometry","author":"M Rippmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rippmann, M. (2016). The Armadillo Vault: Computational design and digital fabrication of a freeform stone shell, in Advances in Architectural Geometry (pp. 64\u201383)"},{"key":"43_CR54","first-page":"254","volume":"15","author":"M Rippmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rippmann, M., et al. (2018). \u2018Design, fabrication and testing of discrete 3D sand-printed floor prototypes\u2019, Materials Today Communications. Elsevier, 15, 254\u2013259.","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"key":"43_CR55","unstructured":"Roser, M. and Ritchie, H. (2021) Annual CO2 emissions from cement. Available at: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/annual-co2-cement."},{"issue":"2","key":"43_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsbe.2017.03.005","volume":"6","author":"W Salama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salama, W. (2017). Design of concrete buildings for disassembly: An explorative review. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 6(2), 617\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijsbe.2017.03.005","journal-title":"International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment"},{"key":"43_CR57","unstructured":"Smith, J. (2018) World without sand: The race to save a precious resource, New Scientist. Available at: https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg23731650-300-world-without-sand-the-race-to-save-a-precious-resource\/."},{"issue":"7","key":"43_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3390\/su8070647","volume":"8","author":"N Van Buren","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Buren, N., et al. (2016). Towards a circular economy: The role of Dutch logistics industries and governments. Sustainability. MDPI, 8(7), 647.","journal-title":"Sustainability. MDPI"},{"key":"43_CR59","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Best-fit thrust network analysis","author":"T Van Mele","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Mele, T., et al. (2014). Best-fit thrust network analysis (pp. 157\u2013170). Routledge."},{"key":"43_CR60","volume-title":"COMPAS: A framework for computational research in architecture and structures","author":"T Van Mele","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Mele, T. (2017). COMPAS: A framework for computational research in architecture and structures."},{"key":"43_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2016.16","volume":"1","author":"T Wangler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wangler, T., et al. (2016). Digital Concrete: Opportunities and Challenges. RILEM Technical Letters, 1, 67\u201375.","journal-title":"RILEM Technical Letters"},{"key":"43_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.105780","volume":"123","author":"T Wangler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wangler, T., et al. (2019). Digital concrete: A review. Cement and Concrete Research. Elsevier, 123, 105780.","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Research. Elsevier"}],"container-title":["Architectural Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44223-023-00043-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44223-023-00043-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44223-023-00043-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T03:16:25Z","timestamp":1707362185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44223-023-00043-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["43"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44223-023-00043-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-6726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-6726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 May 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the listed authors confirm that the following declarations are not applicable to this submitted manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Philippe Block and Shajay Bhooshan are members of the Editorial Board for Architectural Intelligence and are not involved in the journal\u2019s review of or decisions related to this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7"}}