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Green Constr."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    3D printing offers efficiency and design flexibility in construction, but its sustainability is limited by the carbon footprint of cement-based materials. In this sense, the present study proposes hybrid printable matrices with Portland cement (30%\u201350%), fine earth (50%\u201370%), and fly ash (0\u201310%). Hydration and rheology of pastes were analyzed using isothermal calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and rheometry, while printable mortars were evaluated using a flow table, cone penetration, and uniaxial compression. Environmental performance was assessed through cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment\u00a0(LCA). Cone penetration tests showed that increasing earth from 50% to 70% raises the structuration rate from 8.6 to 33.1\u00a0Pa\/min, enhancing buildability but narrowing the open time. Fly ash mitigated this effect by reducing structuration and extending open time. In compression, increasing the mass fraction of earth from 50% to 70% reduced the strength from 19.2\u00a0MPa to 5.6\u00a0MPa. The mixture containing 60% earth and 10% fly ash achieved 10.7\u00a0MPa, showing improved strength at equivalent cement content. Regarding environmental impacts, the climate change potential decreased from 355.1\u00a0kg CO\u2082eq\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    (50% earth, 50% cement) to 243.1\u00a0kg CO\u2082eq\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    (60% earth, 30% cement, and 10% fly ash), 32% lower and below the 500\u2013583\u00a0kg CO\u2082eq\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    reported in the literature for printable mortars. These findings show the potential of earth\u2013fly ash\u2013cement hybrid matrices for eco-friendly, 3D printable mortars with balanced rheological, mechanical, and environmental performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44242-025-00089-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T01:46:04Z","timestamp":1765331164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hybrid 3D printable mixtures incorporating fine earth, Portland cement, and fly ash: a sustainable alternative to cement-intensive systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9480-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus Pimentel","family":"Tinoco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rayane de Lima Moura","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luiza Draeger","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Oscar Aurelio Mendoza","family":"Reales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Romildo Dias","family":"Toledo Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"89_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tinoco, M. 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